Ezohlukeneyo zothutho: imbali kunye neempawu

zokuhamba ezohlukeneyo - lo ukuthuthwa kweempahla kwizikhongozeli ezizodwa okanye izithuthi ezindleleni. Ukuba kukho imfuneko yokuba kutshintshwe uhlobo eendaba xa uhambisa imithwalo, noko phambili. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuphucula ukhuseleko nokunciphisa ilahleko nomonakalo, kwakunye ziyakwehlisa ngokubonakalayo ixesha elichithwa kwisithuthi.

zothutho ezohlukeneyo kunciphisa iindleko ezihamba impahla kwiindlela emhlabeni. Ngaphezu koko, inzuzo yabo ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi imigama emifutshane.

Ezohlukeneyo kunye izithuthi zemalthimidiya - umahluko koko?

imithwalo zothutho zemalthimidiya beqhutywa yinto ezahlukeneyo iindlela zothutho kunye abathwali eziliqela. Kuyimfuneko ukulungisa kunye iiseti ezimbalwa kwamaxwebhu ehamba. Phantse wonke zokuhamba yanamhlanje phakathi kumazwekazi ezi zemalthimidiya.

izithuthi ezohlukeneyo kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwempahla kunye nokusetyenziswa iintlobo ezininzi zezithuthi, kodwa ke uxanduva umthwalo owambatha kunye neenkampani wakhutshwa omnye katsaka contract.

ulwazi zembali

Kuba okokuqala kwizithuthi ezohlukeneyo zaziwa ngenkulungwane ye-18, ngaphambi kokuba baye bakha zikaloliwe kuqala. Ngowe-1780, iinkcukacha ezibhaliweyo kwamalahle uthuthwa ekuhanjisweni ukuya UK. Kwinkulungwane yama-20 oko yasungulwa izingxobo yokuqala ivaliwe. Ngenxa umthetho, ukuba ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha zefanitshala zisetyenziselwa ukuthutha ngemoto kunye ngololiwe.

Ngo 1920 imigangatho zokuqala ziye kwamkele imveliso izikhongozelo. Baye a ubukhulu 1.5 okanye neemitha ezi-3. Oko kukuthi, ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje, baba encinane kakhulu. Manufacturing zabo zisetyenziswa ubukhulu becala emthini kwaye babe nophahla egosogoso. Ngexesha Second World War eUnited States wokuqala waqala ukuba pallets esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, oko kukuthi, ithuba ngokukhawuleza ukuhambisa iimpahla phakathi izitora, iimoto, iinqanawa njalo njalo. Kuyenzeka ukuba kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zabasebenzi ukuba kwempahla esiphakathi yaye, ke ngoko, ukunciphisa inani labasebenzi.

kwempahla

Ezohlukeneyo ifuna ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo zokuphatha ezikhethekileyo ukuhambisa izikhongozeli phakathi izithuthi esisetyenziswa. Ukuba iimpahla kuthuthwe usebenzisa imigca zeenqanawa, kuthatha yonke ukwakhiwa kweziseko zenkonzo yawo: kokuphatha iindlela, amazibuko anzulu-manzi.

zezithuthi ezohlukeneyo phakathi kwilizwekazi kakhulu kwenziwe yi wendlela okanye ngololiwe. Kwamanye amazwe, izikhongozeli ezi zilayishwe iilori kumanqanaba ezimbini, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa iindleko zokuhamba.

Xa izithuthi ezohlukeneyo basebenzisa ibinzana ezifana "Bridge Land", ukuba inxalenye enkulu yendlela kummandla ngaphakathi kwilizwekazi teka ilale phakathi kwimimandla bamazwe. Xa indawo enjalo isetyenziswa ikakhulu zikaloliwe.