Ceba penicillin? Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa neempawu penicillin

Amakhulu ubomi zigcinwa ngexesha nokusebenzisa imithi kwindawo yezonyango. Ukufunyanwa penicillin wenza kube lula ukubahlangula abantu kwizifo ukuba kude ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX babegqalwa esinganyangekiyo.

Medicine penicillin fyabo

Kuba eminyaka amayeza iye ayikwazanga ukugcina ubomi kwizigulane. Inyathelo ukuba idabi yokuqala kokufunyanwa isibakala yohlobo imvelaphi nezifo ezininzi. Sithetha into yokuba kuvela izifo ezininzi ngenxa neziphumo eziyingozi iintsholongwane. Ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo, izazinzulu waqonda ukuba iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo itshitshayo ngoncedo namanye amagciwane, ebonisa "ubutshaba" kwi-arhente kwezifo.

Ngethuba umsebenzi wabo yezonyango, izazinzulu ezininzi XIX wafikelela kwesi sigqibo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Louis Pasteur, ngubani wafumanisa ukuba ifuthe iintlobo ezithile ezincinane ekhokelela ekufeni bacilli anthrax. Kodwa le ngcaciso ngokwaneleyo. Kwafuneka ukufumana iindlela ezithile ezisebenzayo ukusombulula le ngxaki. Zonke iinzame ngoogqirha ukwenza amayeza yonke lutshitshe. Kwaye kuphela ingozi esulungekileyo kunye ukusola brilliant wanceda Aleksandru Flemingu, sisazinzulu ceba penicillin.

Iipropati Iluncedo sande

Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba ukungunda kakhulu engcolileyo iipropati antibacterial. Kodwa yinyaniso. Asinto into nje ezibuhlazarha-ndiyingwevu, ngundo ngemikroskopu. It evukayo ngeembumba kakhulu, ukuba emoyeni. Xa iimeko komoya kakuhle zethala, kunye nezinye izinto ze ukungunda akhiwa. Penicillin wayengekho kodwa evulekile, kodwa ngenkulungwane XI, imisebenzi uAvicenna bakaThixo izikhombisi ukufumana unyango lwezifo ubovu encediswa sokubumba.

Ingxabano phakathi zesayensi ezimbini

In-imi- 60 koogqirha Russian kwinkulungwane XIX Aleksey Polotebnov kunye Vyacheslav Manassein kakhulu baphikisana. Isifundo zembambano yaba sokubumba. Polotebnov wayekholelwa ukuba ongukhokho wazo zonke iintsholongwane. Manassein baphikelela imbono eyahlukileyo, kunye lokuzithethelela, sibanjwe uthotho zophando.

Wabukela ukukhula mbewu zomngundo, bahlwayelweyo kuwo umhlaba otyebileyo. Ngenxa yoko, V. Manassein wabona uphuhliso iintsholongwane akuzange kwenzeke ncam kwinkalo yokukhula sande. uluvo lwakhe ngoku sele yaqinisekiswa eksperimenti: sokubumbela okunene abangaphangeliyo ukukhula namanye amagciwane. welinye icala lakhe wavuma ngesiphoso ngoluvo lwakhe. Ngaphezu koko, yena Polotebnov waqalisa ukufunda ngokusondeleyo iimpawu antibacterial le sokubumba. Kukho ubungqina bokuba wayeze asebenzise ngempumelelo kwi unyango kakubi ephilisa ulusu izilonda. Polotebnov bazinikela izahluko eziliqela umsebenzi wakhe zenzululwazi echaza iimpawu ukungunda. Kukho kwakhona sisazinzulu Kucetyiswa ukuba basebenzise ezi mpawu amayeza, ingakumbi unyango lwezifo yesikhumba. Kodwa le ngcamango nto siphefumlelwe amanye amagqirha kwaye sele ngokungafanelekanga ulibele.

Ceba penicillin

Le emagqabini fanele sisazinzulu zonyango Aleksandru Flemingu. Waye uprofesa elabhoratri kwesibhedlele of St. KaMariya City of London. Lo mxholo umsebenzi wakhe zenzululwazi - le ukukhula neempawu staphylococci. Ukufunyanwa penicillin wayenze ingozi. Fleming ndiyanikhweletela abangadumanga, kunokuba koko. Ngenye imini, eshiya izitya desktop ezingahlanjwanga kunye neenkcubeko yintsholongwane, kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva wathi ukungunda ngenxa. abanomdla yakhe yokuba isithuba esirhangqe iintsholongwane iye ziphangiwe.

Fleming wamnika igama into eyakhutshwa ngumngundo. Igama lalo penicillin. Emva ukwenza inani elikhulu amalinge, izazinzulu weyiseka ukuba le nto ukubulala iindidi ezahlukeneyo iintsholongwane eziyingozi.

Unyaka wasungula penicillin? Ngowe-1928, ngokuqaphela Aleksandra Fleminga banika ihlabathi ukuba loo mmangaliso ngexesha kweziyobisi.

Production noSetyenziso

Fleming ayikwazanga bafunde penicillin, ngoko ke ukwenza lokuqala amayeza akanamdla kakhulu iziphumo zophando lwakhe. Abo ceba penicillin nje amayeza abo Govad Florey kunye Cheyn Ernst. Bona, kunye noogxa bakhe bodwa penicillin, kwaye zisekelwe phezu kwayo zintsholongwane yokuqala yehlabathi.

Ngowe-1944, ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, eUnited States, izazinzulu baye bakwazi ukufumana penicillin indlela mveliso. Ukuvavanywa ichiza uthathe nentwana ixesha. Phantse nangoko, penicillin baqala ukusebenzisa semkhosini Amanyeneyo ukunyanga bancwine abahlatyiweyo. Ukuphela kwemfazwe, umphakathi waseUnited States nazo ukuthenga umlingo.

Bonke ceba penicillin (Fleming, Florey, Chain) yaba abanini kwi Nobel Prize e-Medicine.

Penicillin: imbali kwafunyanwa eRashiya

Xa kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic ukuba usaqhubeka, I. V. Stalin yenze iinzame ezininzi ukuthenga iilayisensi yemveliso penicillin eRashiya. Kodwa United States wenze ambiguously. Okokuqala enye sum ogama, ndimele ndithi, i kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Kodwa kamva kuye kwenyuka kabini, echaza indyebo izibalo yokuqala engachanekanga. Ngenxa yoko, kwingxoxo akuphumelelanga.

Ngomhla umbuzo ceba penicillin eRashiya, akukho impendulo enye. Ukufumana iindlela ukuvelisa analogue wabekwa ezinto eziphilayo Zinaida Ermoleva. Wakwazi ukufumana izinto, kamva ngokuba krustozinom. Ke iimpahla zazo eli chiza ungaphantsi kakhulu penicillin, kunye netheknoloji zemveliso yaba nzima kakhulu yaye zibiza imali eninzi.

Kwagqitywa ukuba namanje kuthenga iphepha-mvume. Umthengisi yaba Ernst Chain. Emva koko uphuhliso kwetheknoloji ukwethula it kwimveliso. Le nkqubo yakhokelela UNikolai Kopylov. Imveliso Industrial penicillin yasungulwa ngokukhawuleza. Ngexesha lo Kopylov uNikolay wawongwa Prize Stalin.

Antibiotics ngokubanzi kwaye penicillin ethile ngokuqinisekileyo babe iipropati ekhethekileyo ngokwenene. Kodwa namhlanje, oosonzululwazi abaninzi babonisa inkxalabo ukuba iintsholongwane kunye iintsholongwane ezininzi ukumelana kwesi senzo therapeutic.

Le ngxaki ke ngoku kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo kwaye izisombululo kunokwenzeka, njengoko ngenene kufika ixesha xa ezinye iintsholongwane kuphinda liphendule inyathelo imithi.