Amagama moya. Ukuhlelwa moya, iintlobo zazo kunye neefom

Imbali ye-aircraft iyazi inani elikhulu leenqwelo-moya zeentlobo neentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Wonke amagama eenqwelo-moya ayinakwenzeka ukuba adibaniswe. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukugubungela iimpawu eziphambili. Makhe sibone indlela idizayali ihlelwa ngayo, iintlobo, iintlobo, amagama, nazo, ziya kuqwalaselwa.

Amagama

Masiqwalasele uluhlu lwamagama abenzi beenqwelo-moya ezivela ngaphandle. Uluhlu lubandakanya zombini iinkampani ezikhoyo kunye nezo ziphelile:

• Aérospatiale (eFransi).
• I-Airbus (i-EU).
• Boeing (USA).
• I-British Aerospace (e-United Kingdom).
• I-British Aircraft (iBritish Great).
• Heinkel (eJamani).
• Junkers (eJamani).
• UMcDonnell Douglas (waseU.SA).
• Messerschmitt (eJamani).

Amagama eenqwelo-moya nge-alfabhethi, ekhutshwe kwi-USSR nakwamanye amazwe ase-Soviet space, anikezelwa ngezantsi:

• An (Antonov).
• Kwaye (Polikarpov).
• Il (Ilyushin).
• La (Lavochkin).
• I-LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Li (Lisunov).
• MiG (Mikoyan noGurevich).
• (Polikarpov).
• Su (Dry).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

Izicwangciso zikhetha njani?

Okokuqala, sifunda uhlobo lwendiza. Amagama eenqwelo-moya angachazela ezininzi, kodwa udidi luya kusitsho ngakumbi. Iiplani zihlelwa njani? Yenza oku ngokwama-parameters alandelayo:

• Ngokuqeshwa;
• Ukukhawuleza;
• Inani leeenjini;
• Udidi lweenjini;
• Uhlobo lwe tshutshisi;
• IMisa;
• Inani lamaphiko;
• Ubukhulu befuselage;
• Uhlobo lolawulo;
• Ifom yokukhutshwa.

Kweminye ingongoma engentla, ngoku sihlala ngokubanzi.

Ukwahlula ngokwenjongo

Kuqwalaselwa njengento eqhelekileyo. Ngokwale nqondiso, zonke iindiza eziqhutyelwa kwiintlobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: impi kunye noluntu. Ukongezelela, ngalinye lala maqela linokwakhelwahlula ngokwezigaba ezincinci.

Ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi othile, iinqwelo zomkhosi zihlelwe kwiinkalo zeprofayili ezilandelayo: iibhomu, iinqwelo zokulwa, iinqwelo zokulwa, iinqwelo zokuhlaselwa komhlaba, iinqanawa zokuthutha ezempi, iinqwelo zokuqhuma, kunye neenqwelo zezixhobo zokubonga.

Kwiinkalo zengqungquthela yokubambisa iinqwelo-moya ziyahlula kwiindidi ezilandelayo: abagibeli, ezolimo, izithuthi, iposi, ukuhlola, njl.

Bombers

Umsebenzi we-bombomu kukukunqoba iithagethi ezisemhlabeni. Benza oko ngoncedo lweebhomu kunye namacwecwe.

Ngoku masifunde amagama eenqwelo moya. Phakathi kwezi bhobho ziyakwazi ukubonakaliswa kwimizekelo yokuveliswa kwemveliso yasekhaya: i-Su-24, i-Tu-160, i-Su-34. Kwiminyaka yeMfazwe Yehlabathi YesiBini, iPeb-2 yaseBom-2 yayithandwa kakhulu. Kodwa okokuqala kunokubizwa ngokuba ngu "Ilya waseMurom" odumile - ukudala umklami omkhulu u-Igor Sikorsky. Esi sixhobo saqala ukuqala emoyeni ngo-1913. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala, yaguqulwa yaba yi-bomber. Iindiza ze-Ilya Muromets zazisetyenziselwa ngexesha leMfazwe yombutho.

Phakathi kweenqwelo zangaphandle ziyakwazi ukuqwalasela i-American bombers ye-Northrop B-2 Spirit, i-XB-70 Valkyrie, i-Rockwell B-1 i-Lancer, i-B-2, i-B-52 i-Stratofortress, i-aircraft eyenziwe e-USA i-Boeing B-17 kunye noMartin B- 10, amabhomu aseJamani weMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili ama-Junkers ngo-Juni no-Heinkel 111.

Abadlali

Umsebenzi oyintloko wale zithuthi ukutshabalaliswa kweenqwelo zezixhobo kunye nezinye izinto ezisemoyeni.

Amagama eenqwelo zokulwa kumkhosi wezobukhosi uya kuxelela ezininzi. Iimpawu ezidumileyo zeSoviet kwixesha leMfazwe yeSizwe yeLibini ye-LaGG-3, I-15 bis, iMig-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. Ngelo xesha, iinqwelo ze-Jalimane zeBf.109, i-Bf.110 kunye ne-Fw 190, kunye no-M262, Me.163 iKomet kunye no-162 u-Volksjager, waba ngumntu owaziwayo emhlabeni.

Phakathi kwabalindi beSoviet bexesha elizayo, simele senze i-MiG-31, i-Su-27 ne-MiG-29. Okwangoku, isibhakabhaka sigcwele i-aircraft yangoku. Amagama abo awaziwa ngokucacileyo kubachwephesha bezobuchwephesha. Aba ngabaqhawe besizukulwana 4 ++ Su-35 kunye neMig-35.

Kwimodeli yaseMelika yanamhlanje, umkhosi wokuqala wehlabathi wesizukulwana sesihlanu u-Boeing F-22, kunye nemodeli yangaphambili F-4 kunye ne-F-15 I-Aagle, ayahlukana.

Bombers-bombers

Badibanisa imisebenzi yeendidi ezimbini zokuqala zeenqwelo-moya esizichazile. Oko kukuthi, ukutshabalalisa iinjongo zomhlaba kunye nomhlaba.

Abaqhubi bokuqala bombhoyi baseJalimane Me.262, imodeli eguqulwayo yombutho waseBrithani u-Supermarine Spitfire, i-De Havilland Mosquito, kunye ne-Soviet Yak-9.

Phakathi kweenqwelo-moya zanamhlanje , kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa iMG-23B yasekhaya, i-Su-17M, i-MiG-27 kunye ne-American model F-105.

Abadlali

Ziyi-subset ehlukeneyo yabasemagqatshini abelwe ukutshatyalaliswa kweebhomi zentshaba. Ngokungafani nabasemagunyeni abaqhelekileyo, baxhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezinamandla ze-radar.

Phakathi kwama-interceptors aseSoviet, amagama angama-aircraft alandelayo ayaziwa: Su-15, Su-9, Tu-128, Yak-28, MiG-25. Ukusuka kwiimodeli zaseMerika, ungakhetha u-F-16 no-Grumman F-14. Kwakhona, i-Japan eyaziwayo ye-Japan F-2 ne-British interceptor ePanavia Tornado ADV.

Troopers

Umsebenzi wabo kukuxhasa imikhosi yomhlaba evela emoyeni.

Iinqwelo eziqhankqalazo ezidumileyo zeMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini ziyizindiza ze-Il-2 kunye ne-Il-10. Ngelo xesha, intshaba isebenzisa i-Hs 129 kunye ne-Juni 87 ngeenjongo ezifanayo. Phakathi kweenqwelo-moya zokuhlaselwa phantsi komhlaba, amagama e-Su-25, F / A-18, i-A-10 kufuneka ibonakaliswe.

Izithuthi zothutho

Imisebenzi ephambili yeenqwelo zokuthutha ezempi yonikezelo lwempahla yempi kunye nabasebenzi.

Inqwelo yeli klasi okwamanje enkonzweni kwiiMpi zoMkhosi zaseRashiya i-Il-76, i-26, i-124 kunye ne-12. Phakathi kwamanye amazwe aseMerika nguDouglas YC-15, uBoing C-17, uBoing C-97 kunye no-Boeing E-8.

Iinqwelo zokuhamba

Ubume bemizekelo yeembambano zembambano zomphakathi ziya kuqala nabo. Olu hlobo lwezithuthi zomoya, njengoko kucacile kwigama, lenzelwe ukuthuthwa kwabagibeli.

Iinqwelo zokuqala eziqhutywayo ziphethe iindawo ezifanayo zasekhaya "ii-Ilya Muromets", ezaza kutshintsha i-bomber kwixesha elizayo. Uhambo lokuqala oluvela eSt. Petersburg ukuya eKiebhu nabagibeli abalishumi elinesibhozo, wenza ngo-1914.

I-aircraft eyaziwayo kakhulu ngexesha lokholo lwenqwelo-moya yi-American apparatus uDouglas DC-3, owathi wabuyela ngowokuqala ngo-1935. Ukuguqulwa kwazo ezahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa namhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, ukuhluka kweSoviet kule moya kwakuyi-Li-2.

Ngaphezulu, ii-airplanes zokuqala zachazwa. Amagama omncintiswano ophezulu kwiimarike zanamhlanje zeenqwelo zokuhamba ngeebhanoyi yiBoing kunye ne-Airbus.

Boeing

Inkampani yaseMerika eBoing yavela emva ngo-1916. Ukususela ngoko, kuye kwavelisa iinqwelo-moya, ngokukodwa ekuqhubekeni kwenkampani, nangona kukho imodeli yokuthutha impi. Amagama adumile kunazo zonke zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zokuhamba zale nkampani yiBoing 737, iBoing 747, iBoing 747-8, iBeing 777 neBoing 787.

Iimodeli zokuqala ezingentla zikhutshwe ngowe-1968, kwaye namhlanje liyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke inqwelo yendiza. UBoing 747, owavelisa umva kamva, nguvulindlela phakathi kwamabutho ahamba ngeenqwelo-moya. UBoing 747-8 - inqwelo yeenqwelo zokuhamba ngexesha elide. Yakhishwa ngo-2010. Namhlanje, i-Boeing 777, eye yaveliswa ukususela ngo-1994, yafumana ukuthandwa kakhulu kwiimarike zabagibeli bezithuthi. Umzekelo omtsha we-corporation okwangoku ngu-Boeing 787 wonyaka wokudalwa.

"I-Airbus"

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, umqhubi omkhulu we-Boeing kwimarike yehlabathi yinkampani yaseYurophu e-Airbus, ene-ofisi ephakathi eFransi. Yayisungulwa kakhulu kamva kunomncintiswano waseMelika - ngo-1970. Amagama adume kakhulu kwi-moya yale nkampani yi-A300, A320, A380 kunye ne-A350 XWB.

Ekhutshwe ngo-1972, i-A300 yindiza yokuqala yokuqala yombane kwiinjini ezimbini. Kwi-A320 ngo-1988, ngokokuqala ngqa kwihlabathi, ifom ye-control control remote is used. I-A380, eyayiqala ngo-2005, ngowona mkhulu kwihlabathi. Iyakwazi ukuthatha ibhagi ukuya kuma-480. Uphuhliso lwakamuva lenkampani ngu-A350 XWB. Umsebenzi walo oyintloko kukuba kukhuphiswano kunye neBeing 787 ekhutshwe ngaphambili. Ngalo msebenzi, le mpahlayali ilawula kakuhle, iqhubele phambili iqhinga layo ngenzuzo.

I-aircraft yeenqwelo

Kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo, i-Soviet ye-aviation ye-aircraft yezokwelapha nayo nayo imelwe. Uninzi lweemodeli ziyi-Aeroflot. Amagama eempawu eziphambili: Wena, Il, An ne Yak.

I-jet yasekhaya yokuqala ye-aircraft yi-Tu-104, eyenziwa ngo-1955. U-Tu-154, owokuqala owenziwe ngawo ngowama-1972, uthathwa njengeyona nto inqwelomoya yeenqwelo ezihamba ngeSoviet. Umxholo we-Tupolev-144 we-1968 ufumene isikhundla sakhe, njengokuba ngumqhubi wokuqala wendiza ehlabathini ukugqithisa isithintelo somsindo. Unako ukuphuhlisa isantya esiya kwi-2,5 iikhilomitha ezili-h / h, kwaye le rekhodi ngexesha lethu alibetha. Okwangoku, umzekelo wokugqibela we-aircraft ophuhliswe yi-Tupolev Design Bureau yi-Tu-204 yokukhululwa kwe-1990, kwakunye nokuguqulwa kwayo kwe-Tu-214.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kweTu kukho ezinye iindiza ze "Aeroflot". Amagama abathandwa kakhulu: Il-18, Il-114, Il-103, i-An-24, i-An-28, i-Yak-40 ne-Yak-42.

Iindiza zabanye bamazwe ehlabathini

Ukongeza koku ngasentla, kukho imodeli ephawulekayo kunye nabanye abavelisi beenqwelo-moya.

I-British flight ye-Havilland Comet, ekhutshwe ngo-1949, yiyona yehlabathi yokuqala ye-aircraft. I-aircraft yaseFransi-yaseBrithani iCordorde, eyenziwa ngo-1969, yaziwa ngokubanzi. Yaya emlandweni ngenxa yokuba yinto yesibini ephumelelayo (emva kwe-Tu-144) ukudala i-aircraft ye-passenger aircraft. Kwaye ngoku, ezi zimbini zee-airline kule ndawo ziyingqayizivele, ukususela ngoku akukho mntu wakwazi ukuvelisa inqwelo yeenqwelo ezifanelekileyo ukuxhatshazwa okukhulu, okukwazi ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kunokuba isandi.

AbaTshintshisi

Injongo ephambili yeenqwelo zomoya zothutho ukuthuthwa kwempahla kwiindawo ezide.

Phakathi kwezithuthi zolu hlobo, kubalulekile ukukhetha imimandla yasentshonalanga yeenqwelo ezihamba ngeenqwelo zezixhobo zokuhamba: Douglas MD-11F, i- Airbus A330-200F, i-Airbus A300-600ST ne-Boeing 747-8F.

Kodwa ininzi yazo yonke imveliso yophuhliso lweenqwelo-moya yaziwa ngokuba yiSoviet, kwaye ngoku iofisi ye-design yaseUkraine ebizwa ngo-Antonov. Ivelisa iindiza ezihlala zibetha iirekodi zehlabathi ngokubhekiselele ekuthwaleni amandla: i-22 1965 (amandla okuthwala umthwalo - iitoni ezingama-60), i-124 1984 (ubunzima bokuthwala umthwalo - i-tani ezili-120), i-An-225 1988 (ihamba ebhodini 253, 8 t). Imodeli yokugqibela iyingxelo engapheliyo yokukhutshwa kwamandla. Ukongezelela, kwacetywa ukuyisebenzisa ekuthuthweni kwe-Soviet shuttles "Buran", kodwa ngokuwa kwe-USSR le projekthi yayingagqithwanga.

KwiRussia Federation, kunye neenqwelo zokuthutha, yonke into ayinjalo. Amagama eenqwelo zezixhobo zaseRashiya zilandelayo: IL-76, IL-112 kunye ne-IL-214. Kodwa ingxaki kukuba i-IL-76 eyenziwa ngoku iveliswe emva kwamaxesha eSoviet, ngo-1971, kwaye ezinye zicwangciswe ukuba ziqaliswe kuphela ngo-2017.

LwezoLimo

Kukho imishini ehambahambayo, imisebenzi yayo ibandakanya indawo yokucubungula iirhasi, i-herbicide kunye nezinye iikhemikhali. Olu hlobo lwenqwelo-moya lubizwa ngokuba yizolimo.

Kwimodeli yaseSoviet yezi zithuthi ziyaziwa ngo-U-2 kunye no-An-2, ngenxa yesicelo esithile sabantu esibizwa ngokuthi "ingqolowa".

Ulwahlulo kwizantya

Ukongeza kwinqanaba leenqwelo-moya ngenjongo, esiyifunde ngokucacileyo ngasentla, kukho ezinye iintlobo zokubeka. Ezi ziquka ukuhlelwa kwesantya se-flight. Ngaloo ndlela, iinqwelo-moya ziyahlula kwiindidi ezilandelayo: i-subsonic, i-aircraft, i-aircraft kunye nezindiza ze-hypersonic.

Akunzima ukuqonda ukuba iiplansi ezinqabileyo zihamba ngokukhawuleza kunezandi. Iindiza zeTransonic zinyuka ngesivinini esiseduze nesandi, i-supersonic yanqoba isithintelo somsindo, kunye neeplansi ze-hypersonic zigqithise eli nani ngokuphindwe kumahlanu.

Ngomzuzu, ihamba ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini yiyunithi yokuhlola ye-hypersonic e-USA X-43A ngo-2001. Ingathatha i-11 200 km / h. Kwindawo yesibini ngumntu wakhe wasekhaya X-15, wakhululwa ngo-1959. Ijubane i-7,273 km / h. Ukuba singathethi malunga nezixhobo zokulinga, kodwa malunga neendiza ezenza imisebenzi ethile, ke apha ubona ubukhulu be-American SR-71, enokukwazi ukukhawuleza ukuya kwi-3530 km / h. Phakathi kwezixhobo zasekhaya kufuneka zabelwe i-MiG-25 ye-superersonic. Isantya esona siphezulu sinokufikelela kwi-3000 km / h.

Kwizinto zokuhamba ngeenqwelo zokuhamba, izinto zibi kakhulu ngokukhawuleza. Kuze kube yiminyaka, kuye kwaveliswa iibhola ezimbini ze-air: i-Tu-144 yasekhaya (1968) kunye neFranco-English Concorde (1969). Abokuqala kubo bangavelisa izibonakaliso ezikhawulezileyo ukuya kwii-2,5 iikhilomitha ezili-1 / h, okuyiyo irekhodi lokuhamba kwenkampani, kodwa le yindawo yeshumi kuphela yeenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba okwangoku akukho airliners asebenzayo, kuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-Tu-144 kwashiywa emva ngo-1978, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwe-Concorde kwavalwa ngo-2003.

I-aircraft ye-passenger ye-passenger ayizange ibe khona. Enyanisweni, ngoku kukho iiprojekthi eziliqela zombini woovimba bezakhiwo zangaphandle nakwamanye amazwe ukuveliswa kwe-airliner ye-hypersonic. Phakathi kwabo, eyaziwayo kakhulu yi-European ZEHST. Le moya iya kukwazi ukuphuhlisa isantya esiya kumawaka angama-5 000 km / h, kodwa ixesha lokudalwa kwayo alicacanga. E-Rashiya kukho iiprojekthi ezimbini ezifanayo - iTu-244 kunye ne-Tu-444, kodwa ngeli xesha zizoqhwala.

Ezinye iintlobo zokwahlula

Ngenani leenjini, iiplani ziqala ukusuka kwi-one ukuya kweenjini ezilishumi elinesibini.

Ngokwehlobo leenjini, iinqwelo zezidibene zahlula iindidi ezilandelayo: injini yombane, i-piston, i-turboprop, i-jet, i-missile, kwakunye nezithuthi ezineenjini ezidibeneyo.

Ngokutsho kohlobo lwe-chassis, ukuhlelwa kweenqwelo-moya kulandelelwano: isondo, isibhakabhaka, intambo yomoya, i-caterpillar, float, i-amphibians. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezona zixhaphakileyo ziinqwelo-moya ezineesithuthuthu.

Ubunzima, iinqwelo-moya ziyahlula zibe zii-super-light, vehicles, medium-weight plane, heavy and heavyweight.

Ngokombolo yamaphiko, ngokubhekiselele ekunciphiseni inani labo, iindiza zahlula iiplani, i-triplanes, iibiplanes, i-polutoraplan kunye ne-monoplanes.

Kukho ukuhlelwa ngokwezigaba zefuselage: umzimba omncinci kunye nomzimba wonke.

Ngokwahlulo lohlobo lokulawula, iinqwelo zomoya zihlulwe zibe yimida kunye neerons.

Imilo bonke moya ngexesha elinye nga lungohlulwa lube zezi ntlobo zilandelayo: nkqo ngexesha elinye, othe tye kunye elifutshane.

iyantlukwano

Thina siyazi ukuba akukho kucalulo lweentlobo moya, iintlobo, amagama ziviwa. Njengoko ubona, libonisa inani elikhulu kakhulu iimodeli kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, leyo kufuneka iinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ihlabathi ngenqwelomoya ubhetyebhetye ngokwenene, yaye ngokutsha omnye akayi ukuchaza yonke into kuye.

Sekunjalo, umbono jikelele, siya kubonelela ngale ndaba, chaza iinqwelo edumileyo zibandakanyiwe apha ebalini. Iintlobo kunye namagama, nangona inani labo elikhulu, kodwa ngokwenene alungiselele ngendlela ethile, ukucacisa kakuhle kwisihloko.