Albrecht Durer: biography kunye nomsebenzi. Usebenza yi Albrehta Dyurera: uluhlu

A. Dürer (1471-1528) - umzobi enkulu German, kwaye kule minyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe kwaye enye ingcali yale art. ngobomi bakhe kunye nomsebenzi zihlobene le Renaissance. Imisebenzi yi Albrehta Dyurera kunye namhlanje umdla iingcali ezininzi zobugcisa. Ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngayo? Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi Albrehta Dyurera thaca kweli nqaku.

curriculum vitae

uyise oyinzalelwane Hungary, umkhandi wesilivere. Albrecht wafunda kuqala notata wakhe kwaye kwangoko Michael Wohlgemuth, opeyintayo kunye wokukrola evela Nuremberg. 1490-1494 - "yeminyaka yokuba lundwendwe", efunekayo ukuze afumane kwisihloko yenkosi. Albrecht wachitha eli xesha kwizixeko Upper Rhein (eStrasbourg, Colmar, Basel). Apha wayengena isangqa lencwadi abashicileli kunye nabantu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Dürer ongathanda ukuphucula kuyo lo mfanekiso kwi intsimbi M. Shogauera e Colmar, kodwa akamfumana iphila. ke Albrecht waqalisa ukufunda imisebenzi yalo inkosi, ukuthetha noonyana bakhe, baba nabo amagcisa.

Ngowe-1494 wabuyela Nuremberg Albrecht Dürer. Biography ziyenze kwaqatshelwa ngexesha iziganeko ezibalulekileyo. ke Kuye kwabanjwa umtshato Agnes Frey, kwakunye lokuvula studio yakhe. Emva kwexesha elithile, Albrecht wagqiba ukwenza uhambo omtsha, eli xesha ngokukhetha kumantla eItali. Waya wasePadua kunye eVenice ngowe-1494-95, ngokulandelelana. E Venice, Dürer waya, yaye ngowe-1505, waza wahlala apho de 1507. omaziyo Albrecht kunye noMlawuli Maximilian I ubhekisela kunyaka 1512. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ngelo xesha, Dürer waqalisa ukusebenza ngenxa kuye, de afe Maximilian kaThixo, owenzeka ngo 1519 eyaziwa kakuhle ukuze Albert lahambela eNetherlkunyes. Kweli thuba ukususela 1520 ukuya 1521, waya emizini ezifana eBrussels, Antwerp, eGhent, Bruges, Malines, kunye nabanye.

nobuciko Durer

Albrecht Dürer, biography kunye nobuchule apho lingqamane kunye nokuvela German Renaissance, akakwazanga ukuhlala kude lweentsingiselo ixesha lakhe. Yaba lukhuni, ixesha ubukhulu becala disharmonious. isimilo sakhe ushiye uphawu layo kuzo zonke iintlobo zobugcisa. Le imvuselelo imisebenzi Albrecht oluhlala ukuba nentsusa kwento kunye nobutyebi izithethe zobugcisa German. Bona azibonakali ngokohlobo abalinganiswa dyurerovskih kude ubuhle ngokwembono yale yenziwayo yamandulo. Ukongeza, inkosi uyathanda zokwahlula, byi ingqalelo kakhulu iinkcukacha ngamnye. Kubaluleke kakhulu kuba Albrecht na kwi enye qha ixesha kunye nobugcisa Italy. Ubuchule Albrehta Dyurera waphawula ukuba wazama ukuqonda imfihlelo yogqibelelo yayo kunye nemvisiswano. Dürer nguye ummeli kuphela ye Northern Renaissance, leyo ezininzi kunye nolwalathiso umdla, umnqweno ukuqonda imithetho wobugcisa, ukudala zesi olucokisekileyo mzobo lwabantu bokusebenza ngebande elinye kunye iinkosi esikhulu Italian le Renaissance.

imizobo

Ubuchule Albrehta Dyurera ezahlukeneyo. Yena onesiphiwo njenge draftsman, engumkroli, ngumzobi. Ngelo xesha linye, nokukrola umzobo kuthatha naye maxa wambi bade ehamba indima. Ngaphezu kwama-900 amaphepha leMveli Dürer-ngumzobi. Ngokutsho ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu ibe kuthelekiswa kuphela imisebenzi uLeonardo da Vinci. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ekupeyinteni yaba yinxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla ngayo inkosi. Dürer Iyakwazi ngokugqibeleleyo bonke ubuchule graphic ixesha - amalahle, iseti, ipensile ukuya nekalamo ipeni Italian kunye pin yesilivere. Ke zona iinkosi Italian, umzobo ibeyinto nqanaba ebalulekileyo ukuba Durer ukwakha. Eli nqanaba yayiquka Studi, iziketshi yeentloko, imilenze, iingalo, draperies.

Ngokuba Durer umzobo yaba isixhobo ngayo wafundela iintlobo iimpawu - Nuremberg ozinikezele, namanenekazi kakuhle enxibe kunye nabalimi. Ibalulekileyo isebenza Albrehta Dyurera - ". A iqhekeza Turf" uMbala-Masters "Hare" (eliboniswe ngasentla) kunye ukuba abazenzayo ibutho kubanda yaye umfutho inokuba imifanekiso kwiikhowudi zenzululwazi.

uthotho komhlaba

Umsebenzi wokuqala ezibalulekileyo inkosi uthotho namathafa iminyaka 1494-95. Le misebenzi Albrehta Dyurera ezakuphumezwa lemifanekiso kunye gouache ngexesha uhambo lwakhe eItali. Kokuba elungeleleneyo ngocoselelo, kakuhle ukwakheka eyenzelwe izicwangciso zemihlaba beman 'omnye komnye. Ezi imisebenzi Albrehta Dyurera abo okokuqala kwimbali ubugcisa mhlaba yaseYurophu "olunyulu".

"IKrismesi", "nobusuku ye abavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi", "uAdam noEva"

Ecacileyo mood egudileyo, iinto umbhali ukuya ukulingana evumelanayo rhythm and iimilo - ezi mpawu uphawu Akunguye Durer ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-15 emva kwexesha ekuqaleni kweminyaka yesibini kwenkulungwane ye-16. Olu isibingelelo "iKrismesi", wenza ngeenxa 1498, kwaye emalunga 1504 emsebenzini "nobusuku ye abavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi," apho Dürer idibanisa iqela ezintathu Magi kunye Madonna egudileyo silhouettes, isingqisho ezolileyo setyhula kunye kwinqugwala motif, phindwa amaxesha amaninzi uhombiso bokwakha. Xa 1500 enye imixholo engundoqo bobuchule Albrecht uba umnqweno ukufumana olinganise ifanelekileyo emzimbeni womntu. Ufuna iimfihlelo zabo, ukuzoba ababhinqileyo unganxibanga kunye namanani into eyindoda. Qaphela ukuba lo wokuqala eJamani, Albrecht waqalisa ukufunda benganxibanga. Sesho zaye kushwankathelwa a nokukrola 1504 "UAdam noEva", kwakunye ekusetyenzisweni malunga 1507 diptych enkulu eponymous ebukekayo.

"Nobusuku kaBathathu Emnye," yaye "womthendeleko ngerosari"

Lo msebenzi kakhulu enzima, harmonically wayalela ezaqanjwa ukuboniswa ezahlukahlukeneyo amanani wabulawa kwiminyaka lokuvuthwa creative Albrecht Dürer. imisebenzi abadumileyo yakhe iquka yasekwa ngo-1506 "kuMbhiyozo amaso", ngo-1511 - "The nobusuku kaBathathu Emnye oyiNgcwele." "Womthendeleko ngerosari" ngomnye imisebenzi enkulu Dürer (161.5 x 192 cm). Ukongeza, yenye iipateni imvakalozwi enkulu. Sebenza kufutshane ubugcisa iinkosi Italian, hayi kuphela iinjongo, kodwa yahluma polnozvuchiem iipeyinti yemo lemifanekiso (ikakhulu zabantu), ezo zililo lizama, ububanzi yokubhala. Lo mfanekiso osihloko sithi "nobusuku kaBathathu Emnye", emele isibingelelo umsebenzi encinane, semicircles ezinesingqi ukuba ibe isibingelelo ukugqitywa enhle zidityanisiwe idada iingelosi esibhakabhakeni Ooyise kunye umkhosi ezingcwele. Le ndlela ifuze "Impikiswano" yi Raphael.

portraits okuqala

Ngaphandle IMIFANEKISO Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso umsebenzi Albrehta Dyurera. Nomfanekiso naye kule uhlobo baninzi umdla kakhulu. Albrecht sele kumsebenzi ekuqaleni, wenziwa malunga 1499 (Portrait Oswald Krell) osondeza inkosi lusekiwe. Yena ibonisa ngokupheleleyo imodeli amandla engaphakathi, ukohluka ubuntu. Ukohluka Albrehta Dyurera kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba self-mfanekiso phambili kwixesha yokuqala umsebenzi wakhe ngobude. Emva ngo-1484, wadala umzobo pin yesilivere, ngaphambilana kweli nqaku. Apha Albrecht ubonisa umntwana eneminyaka eli-13 ubudala. Kakade ngelo xesha isandla Durer kwakhokelela ekuzo lokuzimela ulwazi, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngakumbi ezintathu zokuqala bakhe Imizobo-eni. Sithetha malunga nomsebenzi-1493 ngo-1498 kunye 1500. Xa umsebenzi yokugqibela (photo oko lumelwe ngasentla) ubonisa Albrecht ngokungqongqo ukusuka ngaphambili. Yabakho intshebe encinane neenwele ezinde bobuso bakhe lasekunene kusikhumbuza umfanekiso kaKristu Pantocrator.

imikrolo

Ubuchule Albrehta Dyurera (1471-1528) umdla kuloo wayenza kushicilelwa kakuhle ngokulinganayo kwi sobhedu phezu kweenkuni. Albrecht wajika umbhalo emva Schongauer, omnye ubugcisa ezinkulu. Xa imisebenzi Dürer kwakubonisa Ndandingonwabanga, umoya ekucamngceni yendalo yakhe yokudala, kwakunye ngquzulwano okukhulu yokuziphatha ezimkhathazayo. Ngokwahlukileyo ebukhali kwimisebenzi ecacileyo yaye ezolile yokuqala entle inkosi sele abe omkhulu series yokuqala graphic, equka imikrolo 15 umxholo Apocalypse. Le misebenzi yenziwa emthini Albrecht wadala ngo 1498. imikrolo Durer e ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba imizobo, isekelwe kwisithethe waseJamani. Baya kuvela ngobunzulu okanye emboxo, iintshukumo ezibukhali, imifanekiso overexpression isingqi olephuzayo; imigca ukuqhekezwa ngokukhawuleza nezibaya zemihlambi. Lo mfanekiso Fortune copperplate nokukrola "Nemesis", ngokunxulumene ekuqaleni-1500., Ingaba umlinganiswa ukuloyisa. Lo yoshicilelo yenye imisebenzi ilungileyo yi Dürer.

"Life of the Virgin", "Mkhulu isiva" yaye "isiva Small"

. Kwisabelo sohlahlo lwabilo graphic "Ubomi kaMariya", wadala malunga 1502-05 iminyaka, umdla umbhali abadumileyo xa iinkcukacha ze-uhlobo, kwakunye intabalala iinkcukacha - features ziqhelekile yesithethe art German. La manqaku graphic unomdla kakhulu ecacileyo kwaye ezolile. Ezimbini enye inkanuko abazinikeleyo kaKristu, ebonakala ngu ibinzana kakhulu. Yenziwe emthini "isiva Enkulu" (malunga 1498-1510 GG.), Njengokuba kwakunye uthotho ezimbini imikrolo kwi ngobhedu "isiva Small" (iminyaka yendalo - 1507-13 kunye 1509-11). Le misebenzi yi Dürer yaba edume kakhulu phakathi kwabantu bexesha lakhe.

Triptych 1513-1514 gg.

Umbhalo 1513 "Knight, Ukufa uMtyholi", kwakunye imisebenzi amabini ka-1514 ( "Hieronymus kwisisele" yaye "ukudangala") badlala indima ebalulekileyo ilifa Albrecht. Bakha uhlobo triptych. Le misebenzi ke kubulawa kunye mayana master virtuoso. Bona azakubalulwa a yoxinaniso enqabileyo yokomfuziselo conciseness. Kuyabonakala ukuba, Dürer yokudibana ukwenza kubo umjikelo omnye. Noko ke, lo msebenzi sidibanisa iziphumo yokuziphatha kunye bulumko, enzima kakhulu (nokutyhilwa kwalo wachitha ixesha elininzi emsebenzini namhlanje). Kuyabonakala ukuba, lo othi "Manual of the igorha lamaKristu" E. Rotterdam waphefumlelwa umfanekiso eliqina umbhali zabanyathela ngezihlangu ekungxoleni kokulwa kwalaph, lowo ukuya kweminye njongo ongaziwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uMtyholi, kulandela emva kwakhe, kwakunye izisongelo ekufeni. IQhawe lunikezelwa ngokuchasene ubuhle lasendle onamatye. Akusoloko kulula ukuqonda umsebenzi Albrehta Dyurera. Isishwankathelo imbali ngasentla kubalulekile ukuba ukuqonda yomfanekiso penny.

Saint Jerome (ingasentla), baya kuzo zonke izifundo zenzululwazi, usisimntwiso ubomi nzulu kunye anze ngokomoya. Le ukudangala iingangamsha enamaphiko, badl iingcamango zakhe udakumbile, thaca sizoku lwisana yimfumba umbhodamo zabalinganiswa ixesha ngokukhawuleza-ukugeleza Sciences, izixhobo koshishino.

Oku kudla evakalayo njengoko isimntwiso zokudala umoya yabantu noko amnye ebantwini. Qaphela ukuba nabantu Renaissance efumaneka abantu sawo ukudangala, "phithi kaThixo" misebenzi, bumntwisiwe ingqondo yemveli. Ngoko ke, singatsho ukuba phakathi intsingiselo jikelele ubuchule bokuyila, kwaye Albrehta Dyurera. Kwaye abonakalisa ngokufutshane umsebenzi wakhe kamva.

imisebenzi emva

Dürer emva 1514 owayesebenza kwinkundla Maximilian I (uchazwe apha ngasentla umfanekiso wakhe, eyenziwe Albrecht). Ngeli xesha wenza odolo ezininzi ezisemthethweni Albrecht Dürer. Imisebenzi eyilwe ngabo, ifuna amaninzi nobuchule, kodwa amaninzi ixesha elide kubo lwalupayintiwe iselangeni, lwenziwa 192 iiplanga. Lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuba 'Arch of Maximilian I ". Oveliswa ngayo ngabasebenzi, ngaphandle Durer, iqela elikhulu amagcisa. Emva uhambo eNetherlands, kwenziwa kwiminyaka 1520-21., Ukusuka Albrecht yaqalisa mnqweno ezitsha zobuciko. Ngeli xesha, ezininzi iziketshi abaphalaphalayo. Ukongeza, iqela entle portraits graphic ziye kwakhona imveliso Albrehta Dyurera. Dwelisa kubo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: senziwe 1520 kunye yamalahle , "Erazm Rotterdamsky", kwakunye msebenzi ngo 1521, "Lucas van Leyden" (wenza ipensile yesilivere), "Agnes Dürer", ukudalwa apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa intonga yesinyithi, kunye nabanye.

Makhe of the 1520s

Umfanekiso in the 1520s uba uhlobo engundoqo imisebenzi Dürer. Ngeli xesha, umfanekiso wadala kwi nokukrola kwi ngobhedu nabantu abadumileyo ixesha Albrecht Dürer. Major isebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngo-1526 - Portrait Filippa Melanhtona, ngo-1524 - Willibald Pirkheyma ngo-1526 - Erasmus. Womzobo livela 1521 "Portrait Yomntu Young" ngo-1524 - "Portrait Yomntu," ngo-1526 - "uJerome Holtsshuer" kunye neminye imisebenzi. Le misebenzi ezincinane zizakubalulwa ukwakheka okungenakubekwa, imfezeko classical, silhouettes lenza. spectacularly Bona nzima iikhonto velvet nebharethi elikhulu okanye iminqwazi emikhulu. Iziko compositional le misebenzi - ubuso, le close-up, ukudala zinakho ezifihlakeleyo ukukhanya nethunzi. Xa sobuso ayifiki perceptible, emehlweni akhe amehlo-evulekileyo, kwi kucacile kujikwa kancinane uncume okanye imilebe nesiqingatha evulekileyo, cheekbones kwi lisebenza mzobo kunye nentshukumo zobuso uyakwazi singaziboni i kakhulu ubomi bokomoya. Vula Albrecht e bexesha lakhe namandla uba ngezinga elikhulu kwi diptych "ezine Apostles" (iboniswe ngezantsi), inkosi yokugqibela mizobo (1525). Libhalwe ngenxa Nuremberg Dürer Hall. Ubeka amanani amakhulu womshumayeli weendaba uMarko, abapostile uPawulos, uPetros noYohane, abo abamele, ngokutsho bomhla umninindlu, 4 Isimo.

theory, ixabiso bobuchule

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubomi Albrecht ipapashe theory: isikhokelo umlinganiselo ngumlawuli ikhampasi (ngo-1525), ukomeleza iOfele, iinqaba nemizi (ngo-1527), yaye ngo-1528 wapapasha umsebenzi "iincwadi ezine olinganise zabantu." Albrecht Dürer, ubuchule, ziyahlelwa esifunde ngazo, wasweleka eNuremberg Aprili 6, 1528

Dürer baphenjelelwa ngamandla kuphuhliso wonke ubuchule German kwesiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-16. imikrolo yakhe, Italy saba yimpumelelo enkulu - nokuba ekhutshwe kubo fake. Amagcisa amaninzi Italian baye bafumana ifuthe umsebenzi wayo, kuquka Pordenone kunye Pontormo.