Abamajelo eendaba kunye nomthetho phezu kwabo

Media abaninzi bakholelwa, lo ngowona "kwilifa yesine". Ngoko ke ifuthe amaphephandaba, iimagazini, TV, irediyo kunye nemithombo intanethi kubonakala kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Yintoni indima kunye nomsebenzi eendaba? Njani na ummiselo osemthethweni kwisigaba eendaba? Ziziphi ezintsha singalindela kulo mba?

Inkcazo "media"

Ngokutsho ukutyhilwa edumileyo, amajelo eendaba - zizinto ezikhoyo ukuthi zidalwe usasazo loluntu ekuhlaleni okanye iqela lendawo ulwazi ngeendawo ngamajelo zeteknoloji ezahlukeneyo. Media bakholisa ukuba abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kunye weendawo (amacandelo) focus. Kukho media kwezopolitiko, eendaba ejongisele ishishini, zenzululwazi, ukuzonwabisa njalo njalo. D.

imijelo kwezobugcisa ekuthethwa, ngoku ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe off-line (nezaziwa ngokuba "zemveli") ne-intanethi. I yangaphambili ziquka Amaphephandaba eshicilelweyo kunye neemagazini, kunomathotholo nakumabonakude. To lwesibini - oogxa babo asebenza kwi-Internet ngendlela amanqaku kumaphepha e web, TV kunye usasazo radio online, kwakunye yevidiyo nomsindo umboniso, unabe ushicilelo kunye nezinye iindlela ukunikezelwa umxholo usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe digital (Flash ntetho, HTML5-script, njalo njalo. d.).

Ukuvela eendaba

Noko ke, ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, ezo AMAGQABAZA ▸ abezindaba sele ekho ngaloo mihla, xa uluntu yasungulwa ukuba lo matshini wokushicilela kunye alfabhethi, nkqu ulwimi yinxalenye. Rock mizobo bamaxesha amandulo, ezinye iingcali zikholelwa, ukuba sele ukwenza iqela lemisebenzi uphawu abo enze eendaba mihla. Ngokomzekelo, esebenzisa apho isizwe esinye ephila wayenokuthi (ngabom okanye ngempazamo) ukuya kwenye nakongenayo esikhundleni sabo, yintoni izibonelelo zikhona kwintsimi - amanzi, izityalo, iiminerali, ukunika ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga iimpawu zemozulu (umzekelo, ukuzoba ilanga ) okanye izinto ukuboniswa iimpahla zobusika la manani.

Nangona kunjalo, i "ubunzima" media ndiyifumene, ke, kuphela isibakala le fyabo, amajelo eendaba, ithatha ithuba lobugcisa imithombo phindana kwinani elikhulu leekopi. Yeyona Ages aPhakathi - ixesha xa iphephandaba. Ekuveleni kweyama 19-20th yasungulwa ngomnxeba, yocingo, yaye kamva - oonomathotholo TV. Ngexesha uluntu kumazwe aphuhlileyo baqhutyelwa ukuba imfuno inxaso kunxibelelwano ngenxa yeenkqubo ezibonisa imiba yophuhliso kwezopolitiko, iingxaki zentlalo nezoqoqosho, emuncu ibe kukuqinisa imveliso kunye ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezintsha emarikeni. Karhulumente namashishini ukuba athathe ukusebenzisa ithekhinoloji ekhoyo ukunxibelelana noluntu. Lo mkhuba ngokukhawuleza Ndizuze umlinganiswa abaninzi, yaye kwakukho osasazo kwifomu apho thina siyazi namhlanje.

Amajelo ndafumana imfuno esikhulu, ingakumbi kwindawo yezopolitiko. Baye baba yindlela yonxibelelwano phakathi kukarhulumente kunye noluntu, kwakunye sisixhobo esiphumelelayo ingxoxo phakathi kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo yezopolitiko. Media waba resource, ulawulo eziya kuqinisekisa isakhono amaqela emidla eyahluka ukulawula iingqondo zabantu kwi kwisikali kuluntu lonke okanye amalungu ayo ngalinye. Kwakukho amandla eendaba.

Media afakwa imisebenzi ethile. Makhe sihlole kubo.

imisebenzi Media

Iingcali ziye ebizwa ulwazi umsebenzi esisiseko. Ngayo ukondla uluntu okanye amaqela athile, uhlobo yayo, kunye data ebonisa ngoku iingxaki, uphuhliso, izimali. Kwakhona, umsebenzi ulwazi ungaboniswa ekupapasheni ezi okanye ezinye abadlali zezopolitiko okanye izifundo yeshishini ulwazi ukuze ukwazisa hayi uluntu kuphela, kodwa amanani ebalulekileyo okanye imibutho inqanaba labo. Oku kubonakaliswa, umzekelo, kule ncwadi ka ndlebe ezizodwa, apho iintetho usomashishini malunga nenzuzo ukhuphiswano le nkampani - ulwazi olunjalo kufuneka ubalwe ukufunda Musa kakhulu kubathengi ekujoliswe kulo, njengoko abo kungathathwa a okhuphisana inkampani, okanye, umzekelo, iimali . Kule fomu ye ntetho zolwazi zinokuba nomahluko. Phakathi isitshixo zingahlulwa zibe mbini - ngokohlobo lwezinto eziyinyaniso ngohlobo ngeembono (okanye uvuzwa ngokuxuba le mifanekiso mibini).

Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba eendaba enze kwezemfundo (kwaye kwisithuba ukuncokola) function. Ihlala ukutshintshwa kumaqela ekujoliswe kuwo abantu okanye uluntu luphela ulwazi, ezinceda ukunyusa umgangatho inxaxheba kwezo okanye ezinye iinkqubo ukuba baqalise ukuqonda ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwezopolitiko, kwezoqoqosho, kuluntu. Kwakhona umsebenzi lemfundo eendaba kubalulekile ukusuka luvo abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe uyayiqonda umthombo efundekayo ulwimi uba rhoqo, nomdla nabo wokufumana ingcaciso entsha. Impembelelo eendaba kumgangatho wemfundo hlobo, Kakade ke, akukho mkhulu kangaka. Lo msebenzi, nto, yenzelwe ukujongana nezikolo, iiyunivesithi kunye namanye amaziko emfundo. Nangona kunjalo, la majelo kakuhle zincedise ukwazi ukuba umntu ufumana kumaziko emfundo.

Ukuchitha umsebenzi eendaba inokuba ukunceda abantu ukwamkelwa zenene ongqongileyo kwezentlalo. La majelo ukunika abantu isikhokelo ekukhetheni amaxabiso eziza kuba negalelo kukhubazeko ngokukhawuleza iinkqubo ezithile zentlalo noqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko.

Ngubani olawula bani?

Osasazo xa kuziwa kulawulo lwentando yesininzi, kwakhona yenze umsebenzi kolawulo abo okanye ezinye izenzakalo kwezopolitiko kunye economics. Kulo mba, leyo uwugcinayo, ukuba kujongwe ukuba uluntu ngokwalo. Ngokusebenza kunye namajelo eendaba, uluntu (njengoko umthetho, xa ubuso yamatsha ngamnye, abamele iimfuno zamaqela athile) kudala nembono efanelekileyo kunye namajelo ngokwalo kube yoluntu. Power, nayo, okanye izifundo yemisebenzi yoqoqosho, amashishini, iinkokheli zoshishino ngamnye uya kunyanzeleka ukuba ukuphendula izicelo efanelekileyo yoluntu, "ingxelo" yezithembiso ukuze kuphunyezwe iinkqubo, zokusombulula iingxaki engxamisekileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, umsebenzi ulawulo zincediswa abagxeki. Indima kumajelo eendaba kule ingqiqo ayitshintshi - okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuze adlulisele izimvo ezifanelekileyo kunye neziphakamiso kwinginginya. Kwaye ke, nayo, ukusasaza Impendulo abasemagunyeni okanye amashishini.

Omnye wemisebenzi ezithile eendaba - kwiCandelo. Oku kukwenza ukuba eluntwini, kwakhona, xa ubuso yamatsha ntliziyo imele iimfuno zomnye, ukuvakalisa izimvo zabo esidlangalaleni, ukunxibelelana kwabanye nabaphulaphuli. Nge kuhambisana kunye nokuquka abamelwane nabo ziyavela eendaba. It busenza ukuba ubukho Kusungulwe apho amatshantliziyo ezifanayo ezibonisa izinto zomnye zifakwe kwinkqubo zezopolitiko okanye yezoqoqosho. Bengengabo abameli nje iimbono zomnye, kodwa la manani ngoko nangoko kwinqanaba likarhulumente okanye ishishini.

Abamajelo eendaba kunye nomthetho

media Russian, njengoko eendaba kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini, ukusebenza ngokungqinelana nemithetho emisiweyo emthethweni. Luhlobo olunjani izenzo olumisiweyo olawula imisebenzi kwisigaba eendaba kwi Russian Federation? Lo mthombo uphambili mthetho, thina - uMthetho "Kwi mass media", nto leyo wangena force ngoFebruwari 1992. Noko ke, oko yamkelwa ngoDisemba ka-1991. Ukususela ngoko yiSoviet Union isekhona ngokusesikweni, umzimba naleyo yathatyathwa isenzo eso kuthiwa iBhunga ePhakamileyo ka-Russia. A umqondiso uMongameli wayo le RSFSR Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin. Phambi kwesi senzo esemthethweni kuthathwa umthetho eSoviet "Kwi Press", oqale ukusebenza ngo-Agasti 1990. Iingcali uqaphele ukuba zombini imvelaphi yomthetho ephuhliswe becala ababhali efanayo.

Imbali komthetho amajelo Russian

Ziziphi mimiselo kwakhokelwa ezimbini, esiye igama ngasentla? Ababhali-mbali uqaphele ukuba imithetho elawula imisebenzi yamajelo eendaba, enze phambi October Revolution. Noko ke, ukuba ziye zasuswa emva lenguquko. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, Noko ke, kwakukho umthetho phezu eendaba, zisayinwe liBhunga Commissars Abantu ngo-Oktobha 1917. Kwathiwa kamsinya nje inkqubo entsha yezopolitiko uya kufumana uzinzo, ezinye impembelelo yolawulo kumsebenzi iincwadi ziza kupheliswa. Bekucingelwa ukuba kukho inkululeko yokuthetha, kuphela manyathelo kuphela kunokwenzeka unoxanduva lokuhlawula amagunya enkundla. Noko ke, ukwamkelwa nomthetho, siya kwakha la malungiselelo, yaye akazange athabathe indawo kude 1990.

Ukuhluza iindaba kunye okushicilela

I iiBolsheviks, njengoko kuchaziwe yi mbali, phantse nangoko phezu ukusekwa ezisemagunyeni ivaliwe ndaba elinesibini ezininzi zazihlolisiswa. Imisebenzi eendaba eSoviet zange kulawulwa nawuphi na umthetho yaye, ngokutsho iingcali, phantsi kolawulo ngqo CPSU kunye USSR iBhunga labaPhathiswa. Intsebenziswano kusasazo kunye namandla kwi-USSR kwenzeka enyanisweni unilaterally. Nokusebenza kwabasemagunyeni esembindini okanye abantu zabo owayamileyo kwi izakhiwo kwinqanaba esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi Union kunye namaqumrhu zabo wabavoti woluntu, njengoko mbali kunye namagqwetha bathi, ukuba ukuthatha izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngokuphathelele imiba ephambili nkqubo wokuhlela, angaqesha amagosa ezingundoqo kumajelo eendaba, ukusombulula imiba yentlangano. Imeko efanayo senzeka nayo kwinkalo oonomathotholo kunye nomabonakude. Ngenxa yoko, i-USSR usebenza ngokusemthethweni eendaba kuphela ngurhulumente-run.

Kodwa kwisiqingatha sesibini 80s kwakukho abhengezwe lizwe. Ukusebenzelana kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni ngqo kwimisebenzi eendaba lunganga elungelelaniswe kunye leyinene asakhulayo entsimini. De facto, umvakalisi ukuba badlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwezentlalo nezopolitiko USSR. Kodwa de jure ke namandla. ukuba abavakalisi baye bakwazi, njengoko kuqatshelwe ezinye iingcali, ukuba alahle ingeniso evela kwintengiso omkhulu isebenza khona. Ngenxa yoko, ubunkokeli ilizwe liye lagqiba ukuba kuyilwe umthetho phezu eendaba, neliya kuthi ezikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni ukubaluleka ukuba eendaba ababufumene ilixa glasnost. Kwafuneka ukudala eendaba-ngokomda, esebenza ngokuzimeleyo ukusuka kumgca iqela le.

Ngoko ke, ukususela ngo-Agasti 1, 1990 eSoviet Union wavula amathuba ekusebenzeni kumajelo eendaba-sikhokelo kuluntu. Indlela kuphela ukuba iingcali ezininzi njengento intlokoma bamaxesha iSABC, eendaba sele yobhaliso mandatory, ukuba ukuthobela umkhuba ezithile. Ezifana, ngokomzekelo, ukumiselwa umntu okanye umbutho ukuseka amajelo mass, - umthetho eyalelwa ukuba enze njalo.

Umthetho entsha eendaba?

Ngokusemthethweni yamkelwa waseUSSR, isenzo somthetho elawula imisebenzi kumajelo eendaba, xa sisebenza kude kube ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha ubukho umthetho kuye ukuba enze izilungiso rhoqo ngamaxesha athile. Namhlanje, ingxoxo ngesihloko nokuba ukuhlela isenzo zomthetho kwakhona, ukubhala oku okanye loo mmiselo, musa kupheza. Kakade ke, lo ukwamkelwa umgaqo umthetho singahambi (kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ulwazi loluntu eyaziwa kuluntu ngokubanzi, ayikho). Noko ke, iziphakamiso iintlobo ngeentlobo neenguqulelo kuchaphazela ukusebenza kumajelo eendaba eRashiya, into eninzi.

Phakathi kakhulu yakutshanje, ethe yamkelwa nguRhulumente Duma, nalowo uza kwizithintelo obunini umdla kumajelo abasemzini. Yintoni kanye ukuthini apha? Kude kube kamva nje, sezabelo stock kunye eyinkunzi ogunyazisiweyo kumajelo Russian, basemzini abekho na olinganise ezinqwenelekayo (ngaphandle komda ngoonomathotholo noomabonakude). Xa kokuwa kuka-2014, i-Duma State e ngokofundo bobathathu izilungiso umthetho eendaba, apho ukususela 2016, abatyali amazwe ngabanini akukho ngaphezulu kwe-20% ee-asethi eendaba Russian.

Ukucutha ipesenti basemzini

Kunye imiphumo ukwenziwa komthetho kuhlelo olutsha nazo, iingcali zithi, akukho iplagi eendaba omnye. Imizekelo kuvame. Inxalenye enkulu abangabaphambukeli asethi abavakalisi ezifana Sanoma Independent Media, Bauer, Hearst Shkulev kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ukuze kuthintelwe ngokwemigaqo yomthetho, amagqwetha ukukholwa, kuyingxaki. Imigaqo ebekwe phantsi isenzo, musa ukuvumela abasemzini izikhonkwane ophethwe kwii-asethi abezindaba umthetheli kwekhonkco lwamaqumrhu asemthethweni ezahlukeneyo. Kuthetha ntoni kukhokelela?

Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ngesiphumo bangene force of kwezilungiso isenokuba Umnqweno ezinye iibrand eendaba ukuba ayeke umsebenzi kwi Russian Federation. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuba abanini Abamajelo eendaba namaphephandaba baya kuba nako ukwakha inkqubo yomhleli ngendlela efunekayo. Kule Uxhulumaniso lokwazisa-style eendaba brand nga kulahlekelwa abafundi bayayeka ukuthenga iincwadi ezifanelekileyo, kwaye umnini uya zilimale. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, ukufaneleka umthetho luthandabuzeka ngokunxulumene nenyaniso yokuba uninzi anayo lo mthetho nqanaba indawo eendaba eRashiya (kwezopolitiko, intlalo) zilawulwa ngolwasemzini asingabo kangaka. impembelelo angaphandle ngaphezulu kakhulu kwi iimagazini "encangathi ziyabuyiseleka", cishe awungeni ndawo kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo yesizwe.

UMthetho ku Blogger

Phakathi kwezinye izinto eziphakamileyo-ngeprofayili mthetho Russian - izilungiso enxulumene nemisebenzi Blogger. Ngokutsho kwabo, kubanini Intanethi (okanye kumaphepha kwi social networks kunye nezinye iiprojekthi ezifana online kubo) lichazele athile kubalwe eendaba ukuba ehambelana amaphepha abaphulaphuli abangaphezu kwama-3 amawaka. Abasebenzisi yonke imihla. Noko ke, kule imeko, izilungiso musa ezingabo umthetho "Kwi Mass Media" kunye nezinye izinto zomthetho ezinxulumene nokumiswa zobuxhakaxhaka bolwazi.

Luhlobo olunjani izibophelelo ezithile kumajelo eendaba, kuya kufuneka uthobele Blogger ethandwayo? Okokuqala, kukunika igama lenene, igama lokuqala kunye patronymic. Kwakhona, lo webhlogi mazibonise le dilesi ye-imeyile, ukuba kuye kwenzeka ukuba aqhube incoko ebalulekileyo ngokusemthethweni. Ngenxa yoko, isiza umniki igama e-mail webhlogi okanye webhu apho sibekwe iprojekthi, kufuneka kwakhona Roskomnadzor.

I-blog akuthethi ukupapasha iinkcukacha ezinokuthi zibe, ngenxa nesiqulatho nolwalathiso, ezinxamnye imimiselo yalo mthetho. Ngokomzekelo, ngaba iingxelo azamkeleki kwaye aluhlaza ezichaphazela, izigwebo, kunye nokupapashwa kujongelwa idata yobuqu ngokoMthetho negative, izinto zabanye abantu.