Iikhompyutha naziphi ngombane - izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo, imigaqo apho azisoloko iqondwe ngabemi abaninzi. Yintoni a ROM yaye kufuneka yintoni isixhobo? Abantu abaninzi abayi kuba nako ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Zama ukulungisa le ukungaqondani.
Yintoni ROM?
Oko ke kwaye usebenzise phi? iinkumbulo Funda-kuphela (ROMs) ezi memory nonvolatile. Yobuchwepheshe, ukuba zizalisekiswe njenge chip. Ngelo xesha nye safumanisa ukuba basisishunqulelo ROM kokuhlaziya. isixhobo eyenzelwe okugcina ulwazi wangena ngumsebenzisi, kunye neenkqubo ifakiwe. Le imemori yokufunda-kuphela inokufumaneka amaxwebhu, umculo, imifanekiso - oko kukuthi, konke ekufuneka zigcinwe kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka. izixa bulo, kuxhomekeka kwisixhobo ezisetyenziswayo, ziyahluka ukusuka kilobytes eziliqela (kuba izixhobo elula ukuba single akhazimlayo lesilicon, imizekelo lwazo microcontrollers) ukuya terabytes. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa isixa-ROM - izinto ezininzi igcinwe. Le ncwadi kisekiyo ngqo isixa data. Ukuba impendulo etywiniweyo lo mbuzo, yintoni ROM kufuneka iphendulwe: lo yokugcina idatha, leyo sizimele ombane DC.
disks Nzima njengoko isixhobo yokugcina esisigxina main
Ngomhla umbuzo oko ROM sele iphendulwe. Ngoku kufuneka sithethe oko bakuko. Icebo yokugcina isigxina engundoqo-hard drive. Baye kuzo zonke computer mihla. Zisetyenziswa ngenxa zenzeke ebanzi yokubeka data. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye kukho intaphane ROM ezisebenzisa multiplexers (oku microcontrollers, bayifakwa wesiqalo kunye nezinye iindlela ezifanayo yekhompyutha). Ufundo kuya kuba yimfuneko nje ukuqonda intsingiselo ROM. Ziqonde eminye imigaqo nazo kuyimfuneko, ukuze ukuqonda isifundo.
Ukwandiswa kunye Ukongeza ROM izakhono kunye nobuchwepheshe flash
Ukuba imemori umsebenzisi standard akwanelanga, ungasebenzisa i amathuba ulwandiso ozikhethelayo ezibonelelwa yi-ROM kwi ukugcinwa data. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ubugcisa bale mihla eziqulathwe amakhadi kwinkumbulo kwaye USB-flash drive. Bona zisekelwe kumgaqo lokusetyenziswa ezininzi. Ngamanye amazwi, i data kwi zazo bucinyiwe, kwaza kwabhalwa ngazo kumakhulu amawaka amaxesha.
Yintoni na kwinkumbulo ngokusisigxina
I-ROM ubunjwe iinxalenye ezimbini, ezo zibizwa A-ROM (lwecomputer ukugcina) kunye ROM-E (lokukhupha iinkqubo). A uhlobo ROM A sombane i matrix diode, nto leyo lwaluthungwa ngokusebenzisa idilesi macingo. Eli candelo ROM owenza umsebenzi omkhulu. Ukuzaliswa kuxhomekeke zokufunda wenza ROM apho (ingasetyenziswa perforations kunye iiteyiphu owahluke ngokwemvelo, ngamanqindi amakhadi magnetic disks, amagubu, lugs ferrite, dielectrics kunye electrostatic isigxina nempahla yabo abekwe).
isakhiwo oganogram le ROM
Le into ngekhompyutha ngokuthi nje isixhobo, apho imbonakalo ufana uxhulumaniso inani elithile kwiseli enye-bit. Chip ROM, nangona amandla nobuntsompothi kunye namathuba ebonakala kakhulu, ubukhulu encinane. Xa abambe amasuntswana ezithile zavelisa uphawu yezindlu (xa ebhaliweyo zero) okanye umbane (xa yunithi ebhaliweyo). Ukunyusa iiseli bit memory wokufundwayo-kuphela ye-CD iitshiphusi bangathungelana ngaxeshanye. Kunye nabavelisi ukuze bafumane imveliso mihla, njengokuba ROM chip kunye namaziko asebenza kwizinga eliphezulu ikuvumela ukuba ukukhuphisana kurhwebo.
imali ye memory for ukusetyenziswa beeyunithi zobunjineli ezahlukeneyo
memory ubungakanani iyohluka, ixhomekeka kuhlobo nenjongo ROM. Ngoko izinto zasendlini elula ezifana nokuhlamba koomatshini okanye iifriji kujongwe microcontrollers ngokwaneleyo (ukusuka koovimba babo kumashumi ambalwa kilobytes), kwaye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo umiselwe into nzima ngakumbi. Sebenzisa isixa esikhulu ROM apha akwenzi ngqiqo, kuba inani elektroniki amancinane, kwaye ndlela akafuni ukuba izibalo enzima. Kuba TV mihla iyafuneka into ngakumbi egqibeleleyo. Kwaye kubunzima ke kukuba izixhobo computing ezifana iikhompyutha nabancedisi, i-ROM apho, njengokuba ubuncinane, siqulathe gigabytes ezimbalwa (ngokuba wakhululwa kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo) ukuya ku amashumi amakhulu terabytes lwe data.
imaski ROM
Kwiimeko apho ukurekhodwa ungenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo metallization kwaye kusetyenziswa imaski, isixhobo esisigxina yokugcina kuthiwa iikoma. Iidilesi ze memory iiseli ekulo ezinikwa ezinjengeetheminali-10, yaye chip oluthile kukhethwa umqondiso okhethekileyo CS. Lwenkqubo olu hlobo ROM kwi-mveliso, nto leyo kwimveliso asakhasayo naphakathi azincedi lutho, asinto kakhulu engonwabanga. Kodwa imveliso elikhulu-isikali, bona i zibiza phakathi zonke izixhobo zokugcina isigxina, nto leyo balinqabisa kubo ukuthandwa.
Ngokwalo, ubunzima iyonke Eboniswe ukuba iikhompawundi lwe memory abaqhubi matrix indawo webs fusible ezenziwe polycrystalline lesilicon. Ngelo xesha yemveliso zonke Jumpers kunye nekhompyutha ucinga ukuba bonke kubhalwe iiyunithi ubhalo. Kodwa ebudeni inkqubo wokulungiselela wakhonza amandla ombane aphezulu, ngayo ikhefu iiyunithi ubhalo. Xa kusetyenziswa yombane ephantsi jumper ngumphunga, kunye nekhompyutha efunda ukuba kukho zero esengqiqweni. Ngokwalo mgaqo zezi ofakwe iinkumbulo yokufunda-kuphela.
Ehlelwe ufunde iinkumbulo kuphela
Ococek kahle kakhulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa, kubo oko kuyenzeka ukuba uncedo kwi imveliso eliphakathi amancinci. Kodwa izixhobo ezinjalo kufuneka iintsilelo zabo - ukwenzela ukuba inkqubo ibe kubhalwa kanye kuphela (ngenxa yokuba kwebhulorho emoyeni kanye nabo bonke). Ngenxa yale ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa kwakhona-funda-kuphela ye-CD, ukubhalwa lesiphoso phantsi xa kufuneka zilahlwe. Oku kwandisa ixabiso zonke izixhobo zaveliswa. Ngenxa yokuba wayengafezekanga kwi mjikelo wemveliso, le ngxaki kakhulu kuhlala iingqondo ababhekisi phambili isixhobo memory. Indlela yokuphuma kule meko yaba uphuhliso ROM, leyo ukuphinda esetwe-izihlandlo ezininzi.
ROM ne UV okanye kagesi erasable
Kwaye wayifumana loo izixhobo ebizwa "funda imemori kuphela UV okanye ngombane erasable." Zidalwa ngokusekelwe uluhlu memory apho memory iiseli kuba nesakhiwo okhethekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, iseli nganye transistor MOS, apho isango yenziwe polycrystalline lesilicon. Ngokufanayo inguquko yangaphambili, akunjalo? Kodwa ezi ROM eziluphawu ukuba lesilicon ngakumbi singqongwe i yokwambathisa zinezinto zokwambathisa emangalisayo - dust. Umgaqo ukusebenza isekelwe yoqheliso Ukuwisa umxholo kunokugcinwa eminyaka. Ngoko kukho iinkalo lingonakali. Ngoko ke, ngokuba izixhobo yiultraviolet-ROM kufuneka hit yelanga eyingozi evela ngaphandle (isibane yelanga, njalo njalo). Kucacile ukuba ukususela kwinqanaba Ngenxa lula ekusebenzeni imemori kuphela efundwayo ngombane erasable kangangoko ukuba isebenze kubo, isicelo nje ombane. Umgaqo we usule umbane sele uphunyeziwe ngempumelelo kwi ROM ezifana drives flash, nto leyo kuza kujongwa abaninzi.
Kodwa ROM-wesiphaluka enjalo ngaphandle ukwakhiwa yeseli, eyahlukileyo ngokokwakheka ukusuka oluqhelekileyo isigqumathelo ROM memory. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi zixhobo ezibizwa ngokuba reprogrammiruemymi. Ke zonke izinto kukho isantya ethile imida usule; ngokuba esi senzo kaninzi kuthatha malunga 10-30 imizuzu.
Nangona ithuba ukubhalwa izixhobo reprogrammiruemye kulinganiselwe ukusetyenziswa. Ngenxa yoko, elektroniki kunye erasure yelanga ingaphila ukusuka-10 ukuya kwi-100 ubhale imijikelo. Emva koko ke impembelelo etshabalalisayo radiation uba uvalo ukuze ayeke ukusebenza. Jonga ukusetyenziswa izinto ezinjalo zifakwe njengendawo yokugcina kweenkqubo BIOS, ividiyo kunye namakhadi ezivakalayo namazibuko ezingaphezulu. Noko ke, Yeremiya u isalamane elilelona na umgaqo erasure zombane. Ngenxa yoko, inani alungise kwizixhobo eziqhelekileyo aqala ku-100 000 ukuya 500 000! Kukho isixhobo ROM eyahlukileyo ukuba basebenze nangakumbi, kodwa abasebenzisi abaninzi abafuni nto.