Unit Phraseological: definition

Maqhalo, amazwi, izaci nezafobe zenza ichibi enkulu naluphi na ulwimi, sibonga ngalo kuba zinemali ngokuqaqamba. Kungenjalo, zibizwa iiyunithi phraseological. Yintoni na kwaye yintoni na, esiza kuyiqwalasela kweli nqaku.

definition

Study lihlola isigama ababandakanyekayo phraseology. unit Phraseological - isitali ibinzana idiomatic ngolwimi ogama intsingiselo kucacile kubo bonke abathwali yayo. Ifane nale mbono frazema ilizwi, iqhalo.

imisebenzi

unit Phraseological ukuze lenze imisebenzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zentetho. Umzekelo, kusenokuba:

• isibizo (yinkedama evela Kazan, inja emkhombeni);
• isenzi (udlalisa, siphile ngayo, ayiseleki phambi nenamba eluhlaza);
• isiphawulo (kunxila insole);
• isihlomelo (lingxamiseke nzima kakhulu).

Njengalo naluphi na isenzeko yeelwimi, frazemy imiqondiso zabo.

1. Reproducibility. Olu phawu lubonisa ukuba iyunithi phraseological uqhelene kwizithethi ezininzi ulwimi, kwaye ayithethi ceba ngokutsha ngexesha ngalinye. Umzekelo, i "odangeleyo" lithetha "saa emhlabeni".
2. ingqibelelo lwesemantiki, ethi ichazwe kumacandelo zokwazisela olupheleleyo okanye olungaphelelanga amagama binzana. Ngokomzekelo, ibinzana elithi "inja ndatya" lithetha "prototype", hayi into ingadliwa inja umntu.
3. Razdelnooformlennost kuthetha ubukho amagama amabini okanye ngaphezulu ibinzana na linentsingiselo eyahlukileyo.
4. Uzinzo - uphawu ebonisa ithuba okanye nakwenzeka ukutshintsha icandelo nokwakhiwa esebenzisa yokunciphisa, ukwanda okanye ukutshintshwa amazwi alo. unit aziphethe phraseological zingatshintshwa kusetyenziswa:

• isigama, xa igama elinye endaweni enye;
• igrama, xa ibinzana ixhomekeke utshintsho zegrama ngaphandle kokutshintsha intsingiselo;
• Ubuninzi xa utshintsho phraseologism ngenxa yokwanda okanye yindibanisela macandelo;
• izikhundla apho macandelo emuva.

Review of ukuhlelwa

Bathi iiyunithi phraseological wazama ngeelwimi ezininzi, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo. Abanye lathembela igrama kunye nesakhiwo, enye - isimbo, eyesithathu - phezu intsingiselo kunye nomxholo. Ukuhlelwa ngamnye unelungelo lokuba khona, yaye ngezantsi sijonga le ibalulekileyo.

• Ulwahlulo lokuqala iiyunithi phraseological wanikela L. P. Smit, apho yokugqibela sasimanyene ngokwamaqela ngokwendlela isifundo sabo. Umzekelo, "umsebenzi zabantu", "ngezenzeko zendalo." Eyona ethile le typology - ukukhathaza kwingongoma kweelwimi.
• Ngokungafaniyo wayo, lo mgaqo kweelwimi saphuhliswa yi yokuhlela V. Vinogradovym. Wacela Iintlobo iiyunithi phraseology ziye zahlulwe ezo kwisemantiki - ubunye, kunye nendibaniselwano umthungo.
• N. M. Shansky wanikela, ngaphandle kwe phraseology, ukwaba kudidi eyahlukileyo amabinzana (amazwi, izaci nezafobe).
• Ulwahlulo obekwa A. I. Smirnitskim, olusekelwe kwimigaqo noshowo nelulwimi.
• Isiseko lucalulo N. N. Amosovoy ibalwe ixabiso iiyunithi phraseological kunye nohlalutyo ngayo umxholo.
• S. G. Gavrin weza ulwahlulohlulo ngu iingxaki zabo esebenza kunye esemantiki.
• A. V. Kunin wongezelela nodidi VV Vinogradov.

Classification VV Vinogradov

Xa ubunye igama (unit phraseological) ingqamana kunye kumalungu ayo, oko kukuthi, ukususela phezulu kucacile yintoni na busengozini. Umzekelo, kume umtya - ixesha elide ukwenza umsebenzi othile.

Komphetho - ixabiso namacandelo ayo akha idibana. Umzekelo, i "odangeleyo" - ukwenza nto. Kwezinye azikhuli ngamagama, ukuba baye baphelelwa intsingiselo yokuqala kulwimi mihla Russian ayisa kusetyenziswa. Umzekelo, nasesithupheni - lunamahlwili amhlophe ezisetyenziswa ukunxiba of iinkamba ngamaplanga.

Intsingiselo imixube phraseological eyenziwe inamacandelo, omnye lwalo msebenzi esibophelelayo, apho enye amacandelo kwiyunithi phraseological kudityaniswe ngamazwi kuphela, kodwa idityaniswe nabanye. Umzekelo, uyakwazi uthi "uloyiko ithatha", "lusizi ithatha" elithetha "ezoyikekayo" okanye "buhlungu", kodwa ayikwazi ukuba "ekholiswa" ngengqiqo yokuba "fun."

Classification A. I. Smirnitskogo

Le ngokuhlelwa wababela izaci ukuba amaqhalo, izenzi Isixando kunye neeyunithi efanelekileyo phraseological. Ethambisayo nevuthisayo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela-2, nto leyo, nohlulwe sub-ngamaqela:

a) unimodal:

• isenzi-izibaluli (egoso);
• izenzi ezilinganayo, kernel yesemantiki apho icandelo lesibini (eyenza kube lula kwaye ezilula);
• substantival Izithetha ntonye izihlomelo ezilinganayo okanye Isimaphambili (abazalwana engqondweni);

b) ezimbini kunye MNV:

• attributive-substantival alinganayo - isibizo (ihashe elimnyama, izimvi Cardinal);
• Isenzi-substantive, leyo ilingana - isenzi (ukuthetha);
• iphinda - yokuthanda kwezihlomelo.
• MNV izibaluli.

Ukuhlelwa N. N. Amosovoy

Xa typology kweeyunithi phraseological N. N. Amosovoy zahlulwe izangotshe kunye frazemy, indlela eya yokuhlela olusekelwe kucazululo umongo. Uhlalutyo ibhekisa indibanisela yamagama zaphunyezwa semantically kunye index minimum. Loo imeko inokuba rhoqo okanye umahluko. Xa index umxholo njalo rhoqo ubuncinane kwaye amaxabiso kuphela ukuba amagama semantically iphunyezwe. Umzekelo, i "ubuxoki emhlophe", "hamba IsiNgesi."

Xa variable kwimeko elithi index ubuncinane kuyohluka, kodwa intsingiselo kuhlala enye. Umzekelo, kunye elithi "mnyama" isenokuba elithi "ihashe" yaye "man" - ". Mfihlelo, imfihlo" "ihashe mnyama", "umntu emnyama" lithetha

umxholo iqhalo rhoqo yahlulwe frazemy namaqhalo.

Classification SG Gavrina

S. G. Gavrin izaci zihlelwa iingxaki esebenza-esemantiki. Ngenxa yoko, iiyunithi yayo Ukuhlelwa ziquka phraseology imixube ezizinzileyo variably-ezinzileyo amagama. Studies SG Gavrina in phraseology zaye ngokusekelwe imisebenzi VV Vinogradov kunye N. M. Shanskogo kunye nophuhliso yeentlobo 4 kweeyunithi phraseological kwaqhubeka.

Classification A. V. Kunina

Ucalulo kweeyunithi phraseological, ezibandakanya A. V. Kuninym, zongeza ulwahlulohlulo VV Vinogradov. Kwakugcwele amaqhalo:

1. Unimodal enye ezibalulekileyo iimpawu ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu neznamenatelnyh.
2. Isakhiwo okanye co ibinzana subordinative.
3. Kunye nesakhiwo ngokungaphelelanga Isimaphambili.
4. Nge esithi isenzi, okanye kwisixando sokwenziwa.
5. Njengoko isakhiwo sesivakalisi okanye ezintsonkothileyo.

Ukususela ngokombono semantics A. V. Kunin yahlula izaci ngasentla ngokwamaqela ezine:

• kwicandelo kukuthi, ebonisa isihloko, isenzeko - zibizwa nominative; eli qela libandakanya 1, 2, 3 no-5 phraseology uhlobo ngaphandle ezintsonkothileyo;
• ngaphandle amaxabiso kwizifundo ubhalo, iimvakalelo evakalisa - loo frazemy ekuthiwa mezhdometnyh kunye ethumayo;
• isakhiwo iziphakamiso, nibizwayo ngokunxibelelana - eli qela libandakanya imizekeliso, amazwi kunye namabinzana lokubambisa;
• Group 4 libhekisela nominative-boqhagamshelwano.

Imithombo amabinzana ngolwimi Russian

iiyunithi Phraseological ulwimi Russian ingaba:

• primordially Russian;
• elibolekiweyo.

Imvelaphi Russian yamandulo ezinxulumene nobomi, iintetho kunye nemisebenzi professional.

Imizekelo phraseology:

• ekhaya - hayi kwiteksti, usixhome impumlo yakho, uthabathe olukhawulezayo;
• limi - Indawo eliyincopho, umsi idyokhwe;
• professional - ukugawula Anut (umchweli), tsala i gimp (ukwaluka), ukudlala ivayolin lokuqala (imvumi).

Ibolekwe units phraseological ngolwimi Russian weza evela Old Slavonic, intsomi classical, kunye nezinye iilwimi.

Imizekelo ekubolekeni of:

• Old Slavonic - isiqhamo esalelweyo, aredovy Neenkophe, amanzi umnyama emafini;
• intsomi classical - ikrele Damocles, umgubo Tantalus, ibhokisi a Pandora kaThixo, ithambo womlo, watshona zisabonakala;
• nezinye iilwimi - bluestocking (IsiNgesi), ngomlinganiselo omkhulu (German), hayi ngokukhululeka (ulwimi French).

ixabiso yabo ayisoloko idibana kunye nexabiso yamazwi abo wabavoti woluntu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kufuna eninzi ulwazi, ukongeza ekuqondeni intsingiselo umqondiso.

amabinzana phraseological

amabinzana Phraseological kunye kweeyunithi zeelwimi kufuneka babe ukuba abonisa ezinzile, kwaye isithethi kube lula luse. Kodwa amacandelo lokuqala binzana kunokusetyenziswa ngokuzimeleyo njengenxenye namanye amabinzana. Ngokomzekelo, xa ibinzana elithi "kuzo zonke izigaba bamthande", "kwinkitha elide", "Ihowuliseyili neRiteyili 'onke amazwi ezinokusetyenziswa ngokwahlukileyo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba akukho zonke iingcali zeelwimi ukufunda iiyunithi phraseological kunye necandelo, ingqalelo kube lula ukuba ziqukwe kwi ebukwini.

Amazwi - yokubonisa abolekwe uncwadi, cinema, yeqonga kunye nezinye iintlobo zobugcisa ngomlomo. Ngokufuthi zisetyenziswa kwintetho yanamhlanje kuzo zombini ngomlomo nangokubhala. Umzekelo, "iiyure Banoyolo bengekho," "Ukuthanda yonke iminyaka yobudala."

Izaci nezafobe - ibinzana ezifunekayo ukuze babe izinto efundisayo kwaye isetyenziswe ezahlukahlukeneyo. Mu kuya kwa nshita esithandwayo, bengengabo umbhali, njengoko wadala yi eminyaka abantu abaninzi baza kudluliswe ngomlomo emlonyeni, baza basinda ifom lwabo lokuqala. Umzekelo, isitshixo i "iinkuku phambi kokuba kokuqanduselwa" kuthetha ukuba kwisiphumo ityala nga kugwetywa phezu ekugqityweni kwayo.

Xa nshita imizekeliso - zokomfuziselo, amazwi oluchukumisayo. Umzekelo, besithi: "Xa umhlaza kwi eNtabeni impempe" lithetha naliphi na ishishini akunakwenzeka ukuba yenziwe.

Izaci nezafobe - ngumfanekiso ocacileyo imilinganiselo kunye nophuhliso yokomoya yabantu. Ngabo lula ukuba ukulandelela ukuba abantu abafana yaye ukholiswa, nokuba - akukho. Umzekelo, "Ngokulula kwaye tsala iintlanzi ngaphandle ichibi", "Labor umntu feeds uwonke - emaxhobeni", ukuthetha malunga nokubaluleka komsebenzi.

uphuhliso

Kuzo zonke iindidi ulwimi sifo kutshintsho isigama, kuba ngumfanekiso ngqo iinguqu ezenzeka eluntwini.

Namhlanje, ukwakhiwa lungelelanisa zolwimi Russian kwenzeka neological boom. Kutheni?

Isizathu sokuqala - utshintsho kwezoqoqosho, kwezopolitiko yokomoya zentlalo, eRashiya kwi 90. Okwesibini - eendaba kunye umsebenzi Internet, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni inkululeko yokuthetha kunye nenani elikhulu yemalimboleko ulwimi lwasemzini. Eyesithathu - nophuhliso olukhawulezayo kubuchwepheshe negalelo ekuveleni iinkcukacha ezintsha kunye namagama. Le meko azikwazi ukuba ziyichaphazela njani intsingiselo yamagama - nokuba baphelelwe intsingiselo yawo yokuqala, okanye ukufumana enye. Kwakhona ukwandisa imida ulimi - ngoku vuleka, Indies, amagama slang kwincoko kunye neeyunithi phraseological. Ethetha kule yokugqibela, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba inkalo ye Contemporary Izaci asiyiyo intsingiselo yamagama kunye indibanisela yazo. Umzekelo, i "market zasendle", "unyango othukile", "kufutshane kwenye", "oyibone opholileyo", "break commercial".

test mini

Kwaye ngoku sinikele ukuba ukuvavanya erudition yakho. Yintoni na le izaci:

• unqwale;
• niyagrenyana ulwimi lwam;
• zonke izandla;
• run wone;
• umoya phezu Mthovu;
• ke balukuhlwe amehlo;
• ukubala Ingekalili;
• ukujikeleza kulwimi;
• uqambe amanga kunye iibhokisi ezintathu.

Khangela iimpendulo ezichanekileyo. Iinqobo ezisemgangathweni (in order):

• Ndifuna ukuba ndilale:
• cwaka;
• umntu ujika ethile into ngaphandle ngokulula kwaye emihle;
• ukubaleka fast kakhulu;
• khumbula into ebalulekileyo;
• abantu abavela inani elikhulu ezinye izinto abakwazi ukukhetha into nje enye;
• dawdle;
• abantu bafuna ukuba ukukhumbula into kakuhle eyaziwayo, kodwa ayikwazi;
• isithembiso okanye ulale.