Umsebenzi ntle - ntoni na? Science, okukhethekile

Ekuqaleni 21 kwenkulungwane th, kukho inani elikhulu iincwadi yokujongana nemiba zophando, uqeqesho kunye nemfundo yabantwana kunye namathuba elilinganiselweyo zempilo yengqondo. Kuyinto into lifunda lomsebenzi ntle. Yintoni na? Le yenye amasebe Defectology, leyo izifundo imiba kwamalungiselelo ubomi babantu Ugula ngengqondo kwaye ikwaqwalasela nemiba yesiqhelo ngakumbi.

Imbali sengqondo ngabantu kuwohloka

Zesayensi mihla akukho inkcazelo malunga nokuba siyintoni na isikhundla okuhlala ngabantu ezingaqhelekanga izizwe bakudala. Nangona kunjalo, kungenxa yokuba ethile eyaziwayo ukuba amalungu oluntu abo abazange bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba ekufumaneni ukutya, okanye babulawa okanye babulawa.

Awukwazi ukubiza sengqondo kuluntu enobuntu ukusa kumaXesha Aphakathi abatyhafileyo-nye nonke, kungekuphela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa. Kubantu abanjalo babegqalwa engenaso mgaqo yoluntu uzoba, ngoko ke, akandifanele uvelwano kunye noncedo. Society wazama ukuba bazikhusele kwabo ukuziphatha zigazi ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi buhlungu iminqweno yawo.

Ingongoma yinguquko ngokunxulumene esixhalabisayo yaba French Revolution (1786-1793 gg.). Esi siganeko laba sisiqalo isiganeko yezembali omtsha kuphuhliso yoluntu lonke. Ukongeza, le revolution uye waba negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yeeSayensi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi. Ngowe-1793 wapapasha elinye Declaration of Human Rights, apho, njengokuba nemimiselo eziliqela, wathi uncedo loluntu abantu abahluphekayo kufuneka kuthathwe njengento engcwele. Kulo mzekelo, loo nto ithathwa kungekhona amalizo okanye uthando, kodwa umsebenzi karhulumente.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, ingxaki dementia baba abukhali. Eli xesha luphawulwa luphuhliso olukhawulezayo shishino, ukuxhatshazwa ukwanda kwabasebenzi kunye ukonakala kakhulu iimeko zabo zokuphila. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekukhuleni kwenani labantwana ezingaqhelekanga. Yiyo loo nto isifundo esixhalabisayo i wasiwa imiba ngenxa yezengqondo zokufundisa kunye nohlobo clinical. Wonke umsebenzi lwaqhutywa ukuqhubela phambili amathemba kuphuhliso ingqondo zabantu ibuthathaka-nye.

Ukuqhubeka operation kule ndawo negalelo kweentyatyambo ngokukhawuleza iinzululwazi zendalo. Oku kube negalelo ukuvela kwi-19 - kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwiindawo ezimbini ekuqondeni umongo kunye nohlobo sengqondo esixhalabisayo. abameli babo abaye bagxila iinzame zabo khangela ezibangela kunye nesifundo kwezonyango ngezifo, kwakunye noqeqesho abantwana Ugula ngengqondo. Ngoko ke, iminikelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso umsebenzi ntle eyenziwa bengqondo ezifana B. Weigand, Serbskii VI Yakovenko kunye nabanye.

Ubudlelwane kunye komqondo Rus

Ukunyamekela amahlwempu kunye ngobudenge kwilizwe lethu ngemihla yamandulo yaba yeyokuqala ukubonisa iCawa Orthodox. Oku kuboniswa amaxwebhu asemthethweni awayekho ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-10.

Mandulo abantu Rus 'ingqalelo abantu Ugula ngengqondo eyamkelekileyo kuThixo kunye nabo macala kubo aura imfihlelo kunye bako. Noko ke, ziziyatha, bodwa iindlela eli lizwe, wabangela kakhulu embi. Benza inani elikhulu kumatyala umlilo. Yiloo nto ke kuyimfuneko ukuba angamvaleli eluntwini. Iziko lokuqala ezifana kwavulwa Riga, uGqr Friedrich Plyats. Yaba iziko lonyango-zokufundisa ukulungiselela Ugula ngengqondo enesifo sokuwa. Kuye wakhonza eli ziko de 1941.

Iziganeko engesikhokelo sekharityhulam yemfundo noqeqesho abantwana ezingaqhelekanga bathwalwa phandle eRashiya arhente zomkhosi ngoncedo kwizikolo ezizodwa.

ZoLuleko ogama imbali uthathe ithuba entsha kwenkulungwane ye-19, iye yafumana umfutho enamandla yophuhliso yayo ngomsebenzi bengqondo I. G. Ignatevoy and P. I. Kovalevskogo. Noko ke, siyicacisile yokunqongophala kusetyenziswa amaziko oluntu ukwenzela uphuhliso lwabantwana Ugula ngengqondo. Koko E. K. Gracheva, inxaxheba kuphando kwicandelo loqeqesho abantwana ezingaqhelekanga kunye nemfundo, isalatha kulaa umonakalo kuluntu ngoyaba uncedo olo.

Isigaba yiSoviet zophuhliso zikarhulumente lethu iyahluka ekudaleni womnatha enomahluko amaziko ezizodwa. Bekuthanda kwimfundo yabantwana ubukrelekrele eliphantsi.

umsebenzi ntle - inzululwazi, leyo ngamaxesha Soviet nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngakumbi ngenxa yomsebenzi esisiseko IG Eremenko, IP Lauzhikasa, IA Groshenkova, M. N. Perova kunye nezinye abaphandi abaninzi.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le uqeqesho olufundwa kwi-Institute of Correctional Pedagogy of zokufundiswa Sciences ye Russian Federation. umsebenzi ntle Modern - ntoni na? Le ndlela, ukufunda iipatheni kunye neempawu kuphuhliso abantwana okhubazekileyo ngengqondo, leyo azibonakalisa kwinkqubo yokufunda. Uphando kunye nophuhliso kule ndawo izazinzulu oligophrenopedagogs mihla wenziwe. Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wabo ukuze benze utshintsho oluthile le nkqubo, hayi ezikhethekileyo kuphela, kodwa imfundo jikelele.

Unxibelelwano kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi

Oligophrenopedagogics abakwazi ziphile kwaye kungekho eziliqela izifundo, apho imiqathango nohlulwe iibhloko ezintathu. Le kwezonyango, ngokwengqondo zokufundisa. Ibaluleke ngantoni le nkalo umsebenzi-ntle?

Njengoko ngesayensi zonyango, ngoncedo lwabo, izazinzulu abahlola ingxaki abantwana okhubazekileyo ngengqondo, bayakwazi ukuqonda oonobangela ngokobugcisa izifo kunye nohlobo iinguqu ezenzeka emzimbeni wakhe. Kulo mnqongo womlinganiselo uya kufumana: i zomzimba nokwakheka yeenkqubo zengqondo kunye neuroscience, zengqondo kunye psychopathology, wezifo kunye nemfuza. Ezi nkalo ukuba izazinzulu ukuqonda iimpawu eye sisidodo uphuhliso komntwana, evumela ukuba ukuphuhlisa kakuhle inkqubo yemfundo.

Nge ngaphezu kokuba umsebenzi ntle enxulumene ngokusondeleyo? psychology yabantu (jikelele, ezizodwa kunye zokufundisa) - eyagcina izifundo nazo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umsebenzi ntle. Amvumela ukuba ukuchonga iipatheni ezifumaneka abantwana abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni. Kwakhona yawo uncedo-oligophrenopedagogs izazinzulu ufumane ingqikelelo iinkqubo yengqondo ithatha indawo kwizigulane enjalo. Oku kwenza uphando ukuze ukuvuna ifakwe ubuchule kunye ndlela zifanelekileyo.

Imfundo yabantwana abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni unalo uncedo pedagogy kakhulu. Le isiyalo kusenza ukuchaza ezichaphazela imigaqo, iinjongo kunye nomxholo kwenkqubo yokufunda abafundi Ugula ngengqondo. Kule pedagogy iindlela waboleka, iindlela kunye namacebo ukwenza ukuqeqesha kolu didi yabafundi. Kule block iquka Sciences eziliqela. Phakathi kwazo kukho pedagogy kunye didactics umsebenzi wokufundisa eziqhelekileyo, ezentlalo kunye ezizodwa.

Ingcamango jikelele zokohlwaya

Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi ntle mihla - ntoni na? It is a inzululwazi, leyo iphuhlisa Ukuhlelwa zemfundo, nto leyo ukunika ithuba lokuba nje umntu, kodwa inendlela enomahluko eqhuba ngayo kuzo abantwana intelligence eliphantsi. Ukongeza, ingqeqesho libhekisela iindlela kunye nemigaqo yemfundo lwabafundi, isiqulatho uqeqesho lwabo emsebenzini kunye nemfundo ngokubanzi. Njengoko iindlela zabucala womsebenzi ntle njenge ezenzululwazi ukusebenzisa izindululo kwingqeqesho ukudala iinkqubo kunye nezakhiwo ezifana izikolo zisetyenziswa kumaziko emfundo ezizodwa.

imigaqo

Ukuze ubani okufunayo malunga nomsebenzi ntle - yintoni kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba olu qeqesho na umthombo efanayo naleyo pedagogy. Kwakhona, ichaza indlela jikelele kwesifundo, iziseko zenkqubo yemfundo, njalo njalo. D. kuphela ngokuchaseneyo pedagogy, lo mhlaba lwenzululwazi isaphonononga ngokusebenza nabantwana Ugula ngengqondo ngokusekelwe iimpawu zazo. Ngelo xesha linye siseko umsebenzi ntle, ezifana noqeqesho kunye nemfundo, uphuhliso kunye ukuyilwa umntu, abe intsingiselo efanayo pedagogy jikelele.

iindlela ezisisiseko

Izazinzulu oligophrenopedagogs kwi umsebenzi owenziweyo:

• uphando;
• elibukhali;
• imibuzo;
• Ukuhlolwa komsebenzi boonyana;
• eksperimenti;
• ukufunda kwamaxwebhu endalo engqondweni zokufundisa.

Zonke ezi ndlela yomsebenzi ntle nje inzululwazi. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Xa uqhuba imigqaliselo wenza ukufunda ngenjongo ebonakalayo necacileyo zokufundisa. Ngenxa yoko, le umphandi ufumana izinto eziyinyaniso. Uqwalaselo kuyingozi injongo ethile, abe imingeni yalo, kwakunye into. Ngexesha ezisemthethweni yayo uphumezo (iirekhodi) ayagcinwa.

Ngokufuthi umsebenzi oosonzululwazi zisekelwe kuphando olwenziwe kuzo, enye yeendlela apho incoko. It ikuvumela ukuba ukufumana ulwazi ekunene ukucacisa oko akucaci ngokwaneleyo xa usebenzisa ezinye iindlela umsebenzi ntle. Ingxoxo ebibanjwe ngomhla isicwangciso kwangaphambili.

Khupha ingqokelela omkhulu yolwazi ivumela izazinzulu ukuze ayihlole. Ngexesha lentlanganiso abamkeli iphendule ngencwadi ebhaliweyo imibuzo.

Akukho abaphandi lwento ezibalulekile kwi inkqubo ndifunda izinto ezenziwa ngabantwana abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni. Ezi mveliso iquka iintlobo zobugcisa, imizobo kunye iikhompyutha eziphathwayo kunye nolawulo lomsebenzi kunye nemisebenzi kwizinto ezithile.

indlela elandelayo loluleko esekelwe ekufundeni ngeembalo ezahlukeneyo zendalo yengqondo-zokufundisa. Oku iingxelo zonyango kunye iifayile kwabantwana, kwiidayari zabo, iimagazini epholileyo, iimpawu zemfundo, njalo njalo. D. Ngoncedo yale ndlela ukufumana idatha ebonisa indlela lombutho wenkqubo yokufunda.

A indima ekhethekileyo idlalwa ulingelo kwizifundo. It is a yolwamkelo eziququzelelwe ngokukodwa ngokuthi, indlela okanye umxholo kulo msebenzi. Injongo yale ndlela kukuqinisekisa ukusebenza inkqubo yokufundisa nokufunda. Ukucikideka iqulathe la manyathelo alandelayo:

• ekwenzeni theoretical component ingxaki, inkcazelo kweenjongo, into zezifundo uphando, imisebenzi yophuhliso hypothesizing;
• inkqubela methodological iindlela zophando kunye neziphumo ubuchule olunye usetyenzwe;
• nokuphunyezwa ulingelo ngohlobo inkqubo yokuzilolonga, uthotho lwemisebenzi njalo-njalo..;
• zohlalutyo Uhlalutyo loqobo nelomyinge lwe data ekhoyo, eyoqulunqo kwizigqibo nokuzoba up iingcebiso eziluncedo.

Ukusebenza nabantwana Ugula ngengqondo

Kukho umsebenzi onjalo - "umsebenzi ntle". Le efunyenwe ngabantu kamva ukufundisa kwaye bafundise abantwana abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba lo msebenzi unalo eziliqela iimpawu ezithile. Ngoko ke, umsebenzi oligophrenopedagogs kuquka kuphela iiseshini kunye nabafundi babo ukuze budibane kubo impahla ulwazi yesikolo. Olu lweengcali limenza abantwana ngezakhono ezifunekayo ukuze ubomi ezimeleyo elizayo. Kuphela phezu uphumezo ngempumelelo kwalo msebenzi, umntwana onesiphene uya kukwazi ukujoyina impumelelo kunye neenqobo zehlabathi.

Oligophrenopedagogics - umsebenzi ejoliswe kungekuphela nje abantwana kodwa abazali babo, nabo abafuna ngengcebiso yobungcali abafanelekayo. Ootitshala yemivuzo kwemfundo loluleko engaphezulwana nje kancinane kunalowo oogxa bakhe kwisikolo esiqhelekileyo. Kwaye oko imini zokusebenza ezimfutshane. Ukongeza, oligophrenopedagogs usebenza ngamaqela amancinane abantwana (8 ukuya kwele-12).

Abafundi bakholisa ukuba siqonde ukulunga utitshala wakhe kwaye ndiyayithanda. Noko ke, ukusebenza nabantwana ubukrelekrele ephantsi, amandla ayikho ukuba wonke. kufuneka Loo utitshala abe nethemba. Ngaphandle kwale meko, yalahlekelwa yonke ingqondo sengqesho abo bafuna uncedo olulodwa. Ukholo umntwana kunye ubuntu - ezi iimeko ngaphandle oko akusayi kusebenza, akukho ndlela zokufundisa.

Olu lweengcali kufuneka ubone wonke umfundi ubuntu ekhubazekile elikhethekileyo ukusebenzela kuyo. Ewe, lo msebenzi lu dityanisiwe ebalulekileyo amandla ngokweemvakalelo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha emzimbeni. Noko ke, ukubona ukuba lo mntwana ngokuthe ngcembe, ngokulandelana, uyazifezekisa impumelelo amatsha - kuluvuyo ngokwenene utitshala.

emsebenzini

Oligophrenopedagogs ozibandakanye nabantwana babo abancinane eziguqulweyo nezikolo zabantwana abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni. Imisebenzi enjalo iingcali nazo ezahlukeneyo kwimeko yesiqhelo kunye namaziko zentlalo. Olufuna msebenzi, yaye kwezinye izikolo eziziisekondari kunye nezibhedlele, ezo iiklasi evulekileyo abantwana yokudodobala kwengqondo. Kakhulu oligophrenopedagogs inceda wabantwana-neuropsychiatrist. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa iimeko ezinzima, lokufunyaniswa ezimbi ze psyche umntwana.

ezingundoqo

Oligophrenopedagogs ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle ububele kwabantwana. Ukongeza, kufuneka ngenyameko loo zeengcali kunye noxanduva, inzondelelo kunye nesakhono ukonwabela nantoni na, nokuba impumelelo minor kwiiwadi zabo. Yimeko kubalulekile ukuba umsebenzi ethile enjalo umnqweno lokufumana ulwazi olutsha. Ngapha koko, isayensi rhoqo ihamba phambili, kwaye kufuneka utitshala akulungele ukufunda nokusebenzisa ubugcisa ezintsha kunye nobuchule iphakamiswe kuye. Ukuze sizuze ulwazi olutsha, unako ukuthatha izifundo kumsebenzi ntle. Oku kuza kuphucula izakhono ezikhoyo uze ufunde ezintsha kwabaphandi kule nkalo.

yokuzuza ulwazi

Ootitshala ukusebenza nabantwana Ugula ngengqondo kufuneka baqonde amalungu kwephulwa zabo ezikhoyo, iindlela zokulungisa zabakhonzela khona kwaye kukwazi ukuphonononga iziphumo yomsebenzi wakhe. Kwaye oku kufuna uqeqesho olufanelekileyo lomsebenzi ntle. Ukuze wenze oku, unako ukungena Moscow State zokufundisa University. Le kweyunivesithi defectology nkululeko iqeqesha abaziingcali kule ndawo. ngoqeqesho nophuculo umsebenzi ntle.

Umnqweno ukwamkela ofundelweyo imema le Moscow City zokufundisa University. Potemkin. Imfundo loluleko kwi-Faculty of Education ezizodwa bonke banqwenela ukuba zokudibanisa ubomi babo kulo msebenzi unzima. Kukho nenye iyunivesithi metropolitan alungiselela abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kule nkalo. Le Moscow State University yobuntu. Sholokhov. Kweli ziko lemfundo liye defectology Faculty, esiqeqesha abaziingcali kwicala efundwayo ingqalelo.

Fumana oligophrenopedagogs umsebenzi unokuba kwamanye amaziko ephakamileyo emfundo yaseRashiya.