Ukuziphatha ezihlelelekileyo - yintoni na le nto? Iimpawu ukuziphatha ebekiwe

Mhlawumbi uyazi kuwe into efana a yokuziphatha ebekiwe. Imizekelo ebomini, nto leyo ebonisa emininzi yawo. Kweli nqaku siza kuzama ukuba ziqaqambise into efanayo ukuba idibanisa le mizekelo. Lunikeza iimpawu yokuziphatha ebekiwe. Uza kufunda ntoni na, yintoni ekuwo, ziziphi iintlobo kunye neempawu. Igama elithi "litheni" iye eziqhelekileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuba akunjalo silk. Emva kokuqhekeka kwe-kwenkqubo yezopolitiko, ukusuka kwilizwe lethu kuqoqosho kwimarike ilizwi exabileyo Lexicon kubemi Russia, kunye "kulutsha yegolide", "oligarch", "namaqela" njalo njalo.

Imida igama elithi "marginality"

Akukho lula kukuchaza ukuba yeyiphi eyenza ukuziphatha ebekiwe. Kwilizwe lethu, kukho iseti imisebenzi zobunzululwazi esingelwe phantsi kwesi sifundo. Ngelishwa, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ababhali ezahlukeneyo le misebenzi phantsi "abekelwe" abasoloko ukuqonda into efanayo. Ngokomzekelo, namhlanje nokuba ke umthetho waba eziseludinini, njengoko ekunene. Ngamanye amazwi, le nto alibhekiseli kuphela ngamnye.

Ukongeza, le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa marginality kubonwa namhlanje kungekuphela nje ezimbi, kunye kuwo enxulumene asisininzi. maxa wambi bakhe esikalini njengobungqina nokugcina iingcamango elichubekileyo bearer of olu phawu. Kule meko, ukuziphatha abekelwe - siyinto na kuvavanywa elihle.

imiqondo bezotsenochnoe

Ubukhulu becala, lo mbono non-ezigwebayo. Umzekelo, IV Malyshev ubonisa ukuba ukuziphatha abekelwe - "kuyinto nokuba yelungileyo nokuba yembi." Kwakhona uthi ingcamango "litheni" akukho detonata ngokusisigxina. Yintoni oxhaphakileyo namhlanje, ngomso uya kuba phezu ecaleni isakhiwo wendlela. Eneneni, lowo kakhulu kutshanje i "izimvu black" kaninzi iba ongumzekelo omhle. Washintsha ukusuka eludinini ummeli nabalawulayo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kunye 'Russian omtsha "- noosomashishini abo basandula kuqalisa eRashiya.

Starik uqulunqe indlela kunokuba yoqobo ukuya nokuqonda marginality. Komphandi yaphawula ukuba ukuziphatha abekelwe - ukuziphatha nxamnye utshintsho (kakuhle okanye kakubi) na cala, kodwa polyvector. Marginality - inkqubo reassembly yoluntu kaMoses, xa inyambalala yabantu, nentywenka batshintshelwa kwiqela elinye kwezentlalo kwenye. Le umphengululi wathi esi sifo womyoleli ekukhuleni kumzimba lwentlalo.

indlela ahlukeneyo

Ngoko ke, oko kuchazwe ukuba ekugqibeni umxholo into efana ukuziphatha eziseludinini, kusekho inani kobunzima. Ngokukodwa, xa usebenzisa loluleko elithi liphuhlise iindlela ezahlukeneyo (ngokwasengqondweni, lwezenhlalo, inzululwazi zopolitiko ezentlalo, ezenkcubeko kunye nenoqoqosho). Oku kunika a magama yinto jikelele kakhulu ethande ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, kwinkqubo yophuhliso, ukucaciswa kwekota, yaye ukuqinisekisile amaxabiso ezimbalwa ezinxulumene iintlobo ezahlukeneyo marginality.

Imvelaphi kunye nokucaciswa elithi "abekelwe"

Eli gama livela lithetha elithi French "emasimini, ecaleni." Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kuthetha oku kulandelayo: nganto, minor, esiphakathi, aphakamileyo. Enye intsingiselo kwekota, kuba luphawu ngakumbi ulwimi isiFrentshi kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kuqoqosho - ". Phantse azincedi lutho, asinto ngokwezoqoqosho kufutshane kumda"

Kodwa thina omnye ukutolika umdla. I Brockhaus and Efron unika le nkcazelo ilandelayo: marginalia - kukho amanqaku amafutshane ethathwe eselizweni iincwadi zokuqala ezibhaliweyo okanye ngqangi. Le misebenzi yenzelwe ukucacisa iindawo ezithile zetekisi. Ngokomfanekiso, ngumntu litheni ngubani na esengozini uhlobo abathile, abanyatheli embundwini womnyango, kwaye kaninzi lowo wazifumana "emanzini".

Ngalinye zihlelelekile

Ngokuphathelele koku kungasentla, umbuzo ngulo: ukujonga njani lo mgca, ukuze aqonde ukuba umntu othile "emnyango", okanye emi phambi kwakhe? Ziziphi iimpawu nokuziphatha abekelwe?

Imithetho yomdlalo esekwe ekuhlaleni, ukungaqiniseki ethile, nto leyo inokuba iingongoma ukuvala ebalulekileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni wonke umntu, enyanisweni, kungathathwa nje eziseludinini, ukuba:

• badume alukhankanywanga;
• ngomso lukhuselekile;
• ingqondo yakhe zempilo eziguquguqukayo;
• wavumela nokujikeleziswa random nxi;
• nawuphi na umsebenzisi emntwini, inkangeleko ethile, nto uyithandayo okanye umsebenzi ukusuka abanye zimisela abambalwa kwaye kuthathwa kushenxwe kulo mmiselo, nto leyo, kudala impindezelo.

Ihlabathi, Kakade, kukho siphilile ngokupheleleyo, eqhelekileyo ngandlela zonke ekhuselekileyo, uhlobo olufanelekileyo ukumelwa nje-bulumko yamandulo woMntu. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela akasiniki into kwinkcazelo abekelwe. A. Greene ixoxe ukuba umntu abekelwe - igama ebanzi. Kuquka zonke, le nto ayithethi ukuba abekele nto. Ngoko ke, lo gama kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngononophelo kwaye kuphela emva nokuzimisela yemida yayo.

Uluvo A. A. Nikitina

A. Nikitin iqwalasela marginality njengendlela ekhethekileyo ibutho labantu okanye iqela iba nefuthe elibi kubume kuluntu kwaye luphawulwa deformation yexabiso iinkqubo, zentlalo izikhokelo kunye nezithethe. Ngelo unxibelelwano xesha kutshatyalaliswa nabanye, umntu okanye iqela bakude inani yamanyathelo asemthethweni, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Ngenxa yonke le nto kwasekwa uhlobo olulodwa kubuntu ebekiwe.

Ubuntu ebekiwe

Ngu A. A. Nikitinu, oko luphawulwa maqela alandelayo ezimbini iimpawu: zentlalo ingakumbi, ezomthetho kunye jikelele. Le yokugqibela iquka utshintsho enkulu, okanye ilahleko iyonke ye odlulileyo yezomthetho kunye nobume ekuhlaleni, apho zibangelwa iimeko zangaphandle kuloo mntu. Kwakhona kuyasebenza apha, phakathi zomthetho imeko loluntu, uphuhliso lithathelwe zentlalo ezimbini, njl iipropati ezizodwa-yomthetho -. Le ukungabikho, incorrectness okanye ukunqongophala ummiselo osemthethweni ngemeko abantu abawela kwiphondo nolujoliswe kwabo. Ukongeza, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amalungelo kunye nenkululeko echazwe kule mithetho ngokuphathelele abantu abanjalo. isimo sabo ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa umthetho mhlawumbi ekungaqinisekwanga okanye kufikwa.

Ukuvela marginality iphenjelelwa ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• ukutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo okanye ukulahleka owayesakuba iwonga ekuhlaleni kunye / okanye zomthetho, iifom apho inokwahluka (ilahleko okanye ukuncitshiswa yengeniso, ukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi, izindlu okanye usapho, ukukhubazeka kunye nempilo, kufuneka utshintshe indawo yokuhlala / yokuhlala, njalo-njalo);
• Izinto zangaphandle ezinxulumene inguqu enzulu ezinkulu lobume zentlalo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (kuzwelonke, inkcubeko, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, njl);
• utshintsho kakhulu nezengqondo, esibonakala ngokuba yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu self-ukuphawulwa ngamnye eluntwini, umbono amahlwempu izithethe zabo, ukungabi izinto ezibalulekileyo, njl

Anayiphi ne sotsiomarginaly

Phakathi anayiphi abekelwe bucala kunye sotsiomarginaly. Okokuqala abantu zisetyenziswe tenxileyo ngokugqithisileyo ngenxa yezizathu zempilo. Sotsiomarginaly kude kwiklasi okanye iqela ngenxa yeemeko ezithile, hayi umntu obesondliwa lilungu okanye oxhomekeke. ukufakwa kwabo eklasini okanye iqela nzima into yokuba kuzuze uluntu ukusuka unxibelelwano ezinjalo akukho bantu.

Ngokutsho D. M. Zaripov iintlobo eziphambili lwamatyala yolawulo kunye yokuziphatha iintlobo zokuziphatha abekelwe becela, nokungaqiniseki, kunye parasitism yokuhlala, ngoku phantsi kuphela kugwetywa yokuziphatha. Ukongeza, sotsiomarginalami aba abantwana, ezinikezelwa ukuba amatyala kwisebe samapolisa. Kwakhona iquka abantu abanenxaxheba ngomzimba, abaziingedle zeziyobisi, iindlamanzi, ngenkani kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Biomarginalami Izifo ezosulelayo zizigulane emva unyango elide (ngamanye amazwi, siyanyangeka) izigulane nesifo sephepha ngu zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezosulelayo kunye ezosulela ngesondo, iqhenqa kunye HIV.

"Engozini"

Le ncwadi iye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wabonisa ukuba ibe lulwaphulo-(inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho) zixhomekeke ngaphezu kwabanye yi subgroups mncane. Oku njalo-ebizwa ngokuba "amaqela ingozi". Ezi ziquka:

• abangaqeshwanga okanye abaqeshwe fictitiously;
• mpofu yabantu;
• Abameli ebizwa ngokuba "bottom ekuhlaleni" (abangenamakhaya, tramps, ng, abangqibi kunye nabanye.);
• abantu abaye entolongweni okanye wabuya emkhosini;
• abantu abafuduka ngaphakathi, iimbacu ezivela "ii-hot spots", abantu kufudukela isixeko emaphandleni.

Ezi ndidi nawaphi na kuluntu. Kumazwe ezahlukeneyo, kukho umahluko ngokwamanani abameli kula maqela kunye nenxalenye 'ezamahala "oluntu.

amazinga marginality

A. A. Nikitin ngokuchonga inqanaba 2 marginality ilandelayo: karhulumente kunye nawabucala. Ngokusekelwe ingaba amalungu bagqitha amaqela athile ukuba semthethweni komda, ukuba umphandi iceba ukuba bazohlule babe umaleko ezimbini ebekiwe kubo:

• iqela loluntu okanye umaleko umngcipheko;
• iqela koluntu okanye umaleko.

Iqela lokuqala luquka macandelo oluntu, njengoko abasuka kwamanye amazwe, abantu abafudukayo, iimbacu abangenazo ubume uhlelo ngenkani okanye imbacu, abangaphangeliyo, abantu abakhubazekileyo kunye nabo ngaphandle ubhaliso. Okwesibini - engahoywanga kwaye ekhatshwayo abantwana, oonongogo, ng, mfama, ukuhamba lamabanjwa abaphethwe iziyobisi okanye utywala, ukusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi.

semthethweni yokuziphatha komda

Ngaba sinokuthi ukuba kukho ukuziphatha elungileyo mncane? Impendulo echanekileyo lo mbuzo ngolu hlobo. ukuziphatha ezihlelelekileyo - into leyo iphawulwa ngokubanzi yi umda. Oko kwala kancane ukuba semthethweni mthethweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuziphatha abekelwe kuquka ezisemthethweni, kodwa kukho phezu komda kunye mthethweni kunye mthethweni. Umbandela bokunikeza iqela elithile eludinini enye maleko ezimbini kuchaziwe ngentla abanokuthathelwa ingqalelo ngokungekho mthethweni (kubandakanywa asociality) kunye semthethweni yokuziphatha kwamalungu ayo. Zolwaphulo becala nomdla (lukhona) umaleko yesibini, ngoxa abantu ngoweqela lokuqala (abangekho mthethweni, umzekelo) asimele sikubethe ngoyaba, ekubeni ulwahlulohlulo olucetywayo ngasentla lunemiqathango.

Yintoni abekelwe ukuziphatha okulungileyo? Oku kusekelwe kwezi zizathu zilandelayo: izibalo yokuzingca zobuqu, liability ukoyika, uloyiko lokugwetywa evela eluntwini, urhulumente okanye abanye. Ezihlelelekileyo yokuziphatha kakuhle (imizekelo - butywala, namakhaya, njl) njengoko phezu esengozini lukhona. Oku kukhokelela enye ityala. Noko ke, oko ingachazwa njengento yokuziphatha zomthetho aseludinini. Kulo mzekelo, indlela izangoma iintshukumisa zabantu "kwabangela" ezi mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba zilandelayo: uloyiko lokugwetywa, ugrogriso isohlwayo kunokwenzeka, njl Bagcina ngamnye kwi-mthetho.

Ekuphetheni

Ngenxa yoko, kombhalo yokuziphatha, imizekelo kunye neempawu esifunde ngazo, nto zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kusenokwenzeka abameli kukho inani eliphunguliweyo lweendidi zentlalo. Okwangoku, kukho iingcaciso emininzi amagama afana "ukuziphatha ebekiwe." Imizekelo abathile kubo anikwe kweli nqaku. Science, Kakade ke, kufuna ukucaciswa kota.