Ukuba kuthengiswa iibhotile bewayini, utywala kunye ekhemisi: uphuhliso ukuphakheja

Lo umbutho wokuqala, kuba ifuna ukuba baphendule umbuzo wokuba yintoni kuthengiswa zeebhotile, phantse zonke efanayo - iwayini.

Nangona amaRashiya amaninzi ngokwaneleyo ukukhankanya ivodka kunye utywala, emele ibhotile ecacileyo neglasi. ibhotile Kamva uwabize ubisi, PET polutoralitrovye sawo, imichiza nendlu kule plastiki, neoli kajongilanga kunye sijike.

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Ukugcinwa kunye nothutho nabameli ioli newayini lempucuko bamandulo ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye izikhumba zezilwanyana kunye neenkonkxa ngomthi oqingqiweyo kunye nempahla yodongwe. Kwase ye iintsuba namhlanje, Kakade ke, lo amphora waseYiputa wamandulo: izitya nkqo emxinwa-lukhuni ukuze ndithwale ukugcina zombini ibhiya kunye newayini, neoli.

zeglasi ukuze igcine zonke izinto ezingamanzi iye isetyenziswe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamawaka amathathu eyadlulayo (1700 BC. E.). zeglasi eyenziwe zwi paste. Le nkqubo iye nzima, ixesha elide kunye ixesha elide. Kwaye ke kuphela, xa yaqanjwa le blowpipe (BC 1-2 kwinkulungwane. E.), Le nkqubo yaba lula. AmaRoma kahle imveliso iimveliso zeglasi, ukuphucula imilo kunye nomthamo kweenqanawa.

Emva kwenkulungwane ye-13 amanqaku iinkosi yelo bahlaba kweli lizwe waza waqalisa ukuba bafune indawo, apho kukho imfuneko ukugcina kunye nezothutho ezilulwelo, nangona bathe baba kakhulu krobo.

Eziko Ngenkulungwane ye-17 enziwe ngumenzi British ukuba amalahle badubula. iimveliso zeglasi ziye lwakukhula ezikweni kwenziwa leHamas iibhotile ezimnyama kunokwenzeka. ngoko nangoko bewayini wabona oku, ngokufanelekileyo, xa enelungelo le bhotile kuqala iwayini (1661, eNgilani).

Kutheni iglasi?

Izinto eziluncedo ze iglasi phambi udongwe zisekuhleni: ukuxhathisa lingonakali ephakamileyo, brittleness ephantsi, elubala phantse ngokupheleleyo. transportability High enikiweyo inkqubo yokuvelisa cheap (umatshini ekuveliseni iglasi iye elilodwa lomenzi ngo-1901) uye waba ebhudla ukusasazeka yeglasi. Yococeko, kulula ukuba ukucoca, nayiphi lexinene umbala - ezi iingenelo ezidityaniswe inqununu, kunye negilasi nokupakishwa zabonakala ziluncedo.

Ukuba kuthengiswa iibhotile bewayini iglasi namhlanje?

Enelungelo ukuba nentsuba yewayini ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-17 ayikhange itshintshe kakhulu.

Ibhotile ithandwa kakhulu nobunzima ingqalelo Bordeaux, oko kube lula ingqalelo yi-ezikhethekileyo kunye amagxa emazantsi phakathi. Isetyenziswa ngokugcwalisa yahluzwa bomvu namhlophe.

Iibhotile baseBurgundy iphawulwa emagxeni izidanga, le izikhongozeli yesibini ngobukhulu iiglasi ngenxa yewayini.

Tsala i ibhotile Burgundy ebizwa ngokuba "nelembande", oko kuqala wakhululwa eJamani.

Ibhotile odumileyo yewayini ehlwahlwazayo kwemoto (by legend, umvelisi sewayini abengezelayo "Dom Perignon") indela uPierre Perignon. A phawu yale ezingxobeni yi Ebubanzini bodonga, kunye capping okhethekileyo ngezantsi zokulinganisa.

Imigqomo for vodka nemimoya

Ngeli xesha eSoviet abemi belo lizwe musa uziva ekhululekile sendlela okuza kuphela ngokukhawuleza ngayo iifom olucetywayo ngeglasi, apho balithululele ivodka, brandy kunye rum. ivodka Ukuthengiswa yaququzelelwa ngasemva zeglasi: labemi kuthathwe iibhotile ezimdaka, ngoko ke ndakuhlambulula ilebhile, eyenziweyo ukuhlamba oomatshini ezizodwa, kuphela emva koko kwakhona ibhotile ezele yevodka. isikhongozeli lohlobo baba iibhotile eluhlaza selubala kwaye kumnyama - ilitha 0.5, ubuncinane 0.25.

Namhlanje Iidili abavelisi ivodka mangaza nje ukohluka umxholo nezihloko, kodwa ifomu. iibhotile Traditional iglasi eSoviet uye ecaleni kwendlela, enika indlela kuphuhliso loyilo iifomu kunye monogram inkampani ezimibalabala. Amaninzi, ukuphakheja namhlanje engaguquki.

Beer Glass okanye isilwanyana

isitsha Traditional ukuba utywala emva ibhotile yeglasi umqombothi imagi ithathwa ngokuba: emhlophe, oluselubala, oluhlaza, omdaka emnyama. Ngaphambi 1970, oko ibangwe kwiglasi ukuze ezibhotileni utywala.

iibhotile ezenziwe polyethylene terephthalate (PET) uye waba enye komntu kwiglasi enzima. iimpahla ubunzima iplastiki ukuze ibhiya (kunye nezinye iziselo) 0.5 L - 28 grams zizonke, kunye negilasi ubunzima 350 grams.

Kubavelisi Pet iibhotile ukuya inzuzo yalo isikhongozeli ziquka ngexabiso eliphantsi, kunye lula nokuphathwa, kwaye ubuhle, kunye recyclability.

Ezingeloncedo izikhongozelo PIT

Iipropati umqobo Iibhotile PET musa ukuvumela ulwelo lugcinwe amandla ixesha elide. Oku kungenxa yokuba i encinane ubukhulu zegesi (oksijini carbon dioxide) lula ukungena kwikhonkco eliphezulu molecule isakhiwo weight polyethylene. Okanye ibe ngumqobo ukuba UV eyingozi.

Ngoko ke, iimpawu ze nezihlwahlwazayo ziyahluka. E eJamani, utywala zeebhotile PET zingasetyenziswa kuphela kwisithuba seeveki ezimbini. abenzi Domestic wabeka nokumelana ezinkulu - ukuya kwiinyanga ezine.

Ukuba kuthengiswa iibhotile PET, ngaphandle utywala?

Inkampani "PepsiCo" kuqala ukusebenzisa ukuphakheja ezinjalo iziselo ezibandayo. Ngowe-1974, i-mveliso ngenxa imveliso Iibhotile PET yakhiwa ngo Novorossiysk kule nkampani.

Ishishini ekuveliseni isikhongozeli enjalo ingqalelo omnye ethandwa, zinokubanceda: ombo yenza kube lula ukufumana ingeniso ezinzileyo kunye mali encinci. Malunga isabelo indleko iintsuba kwixabiso lokugqibela ithi oku: 90% yexabiso amanzi bezimbiwa iindleko kwisikhongozeli.

In Russia namhlanje PET imfuno ngexesha ukuzalisa yonke - iimveliso zobisi, amafutha kunye ayo. Kuba ijeli neeoyile umthamo standard - 0.9-1 l. ayo zesiselo bakhululwa ilitha 0.1 kwilitha 1.

amanzi ezimbiwa asebhotileni eRashiya imfuno ngaphantsi kwiglasi kunokuba PET. Oku kubangelwa amaxesha onyaka yokusebenzisa kunye neentengiso nemvukelo wabeka imveliso entsha noko ngenxa baseRashiya karhulumente (ukususela ngowe-1990).

Iibhotile eyenziwe ngeplastiki kunye aluminiyamu, phi kwaye kutheni

Ukuze lo mbuzo: "Yintoni kuthengiswa zeebhotile eyenziwe ngeplastiki" - impendulo icacile: iikhemikhali zekhaya, iziqholo kunye namashishini yepeyinti.

Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso ekhitshini ngaphandle iibhotile kunye zhirosmyvatelyami kunye ibala ezahlukeneyo removers. ukhetho olukhulu ishampu, ijel, izimiso zeebhotile zeplastiki okanye aluminium iyamangalisa.

Imoto kunye neepeyinti zokwakha, enamels Kohler eziveliswa abenzi kuphela kwizikhongozeli amakhulu, kodwa ngenxa ubunzima yemarike kwisingxobo yeplastiki.