UDmitry Shostakovich: i-biography yomqambi omkhulu

UDmitry Shostakovich, ongu-biography unqwenela abaninzi abanomdla bamculo beklasi - ngumqambi ovelele waseSoviet, owaziwayo ngaphesheya kwelizwe lakhe.

Ubuntwana beShovakakovich

Wazalelwa ngoSeptemba 25, 1906 eSt. Petersburg kwintsapho ye-pianist kunye nekhemistri. Umculo, okwakubaluleke kakhulu kwintsapho yakhe (ubaba - umthandi onomdla, umama - utitshala wepiyano), wanyuswa ebuntwaneni obuncinci: inkwenkwe ekhuselekileyo, ehleli epilano, yaba ngumculi onomdla. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala "Umkhosi" wabhala eneminyaka eyi-8, phantsi kwefuthe lokuthetha rhoqo ngabantu abadala malunga nokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. D. U-Shostakovich, owakhe u-biography wayedibene nomculo bonke ubomi bakhe, waba ngumfundi wesikolo somculo we-IA Glasseur, utitshala owaziwayo. Nangona kunye neziseko zeempawu zomculo uDmitry wazisa unina.

Shostakovich: i-biography yomqambi waseSoviet

Ekubeni ubomi bukaDmitry, kunye nomculo, bekuhlala kusithanda. Ngesihlandlo sokuqala umvakalelo womlingo wa tyelelwa ngumfana oneminyaka eyi-13: into enothando yayinguNataliya Kube oneminyaka eyi-10 ubudala, lowo umculi wanikezela umboniso omncinci. Kodwa ukuvakalelwa kwancinci kwancipha, kwaye umnqweno wokuzinikezela indalo yabo kubafazi abathandekayo bahlala kunye ne-pianoist virtuoso ngonaphakade.

Emva kokufunda esikolweni sabucala, ngowe-1919 uDmitry Shostakovich, owakhe u-biography wathatha isiqalo somculo oyingcali, wangena kwi-Conservatoire yasePetrograd, waphumelela ngokuphumelela ngo-1923 ngeeklasi ezimbini: iingoma kunye nepiyano. Ngexesha elifanayo endleleni yakhe yadibana novelwano olutsha - uTatyana Glivenko omhle. Le ntombazana yayineminyaka efanayo kunye nomqambi, onobuhle, ofundele, ovuyo novuyo, ophefumlelweyo u-Shostakovich ukuba enze i-First Symphony, ekupheleni kwesikolo ihanjiswe njengengqungquthela. Ubunzulu beemvakalelo ezivakaliswe kulo msebenzi babangelwa nje ngothando kuphela, kodwa nangenxa yokugula, okubangelwa kubuninzi bokulala komqambi, amava akhe kunye nokudandatheka okuphuhliswa ngaphaya kwayo yonke into.

Isiqalo esifanelekileyo somsebenzi womculo

I-premiere ye-First Symphony, eyasusa umhlaba wonke emva kweminyaka emininzi, yabanjwa ngo-1926 eSt. Petersburg. Abagxeki bomculo babecingwa kumculi onetalente oyifanelekileyo esikhundleni sabantu abafudukela kwilizwe uSergei Rakhmaninov, uSergei Prokofiev no- Igor Stravinsky. Le ngqungquthela efanayo yazisa umqambi omncinci kunye nodumo lwe-virtuoso ye-pianist yehlabathi. Xa uthetha kwi-First International Chopin Pianist Competition eWarsaw ngowe-1927, elinye lamalungu ejaji, uBruno Walter, umculi wase-Austro-Amerika kunye nomqhubi, wathetha ngetalente engavamile ye-Shostakovich. Wamema uDmitry ukuba adlale enye into, kwaye xa i-First Symphony iqala ukuvakala, uWalter wabuza umqambi omncinane ukuba amthumele amanqaku eBerlin. NgoNovemba 22, 1927, umqhubi wenza lo mculo wendalo, ngaphezu kozuko lweShovakakovich kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Ngowe-1927, uSalstakovich onetalente, olwazi lwakhe luquka ukuwa kwamanzi amaninzi, aphefumlelwe yimpumelelo ye-First Symphony, waqala ukudala i-opera "I-Nose" nguGogol. Emva koko, i-Concerto yokuqala yoPiano yenziwa, emva koko iindimpi ezimbini zabhalwa ngasekupheleni kwee-1920.

Iimeko zeentliziyo

Kuthiwani ngoTatyana? Yena, njengamantombazana amaninzi angatshatanga, walinda ixesha elide ukwenzela isiphakamiso sesandla kunye nentliziyo eyintloni uShovanakovich, oye wafumana iimvakalelo ezicokisekileyo kunye nokukhanya kumfaki wakhe, mhlawumbi akazange aqikelele, okanye akazange alinge ukwenza. Umnumzane othe xaxa, odibene nomendo weTatiana, wamkhokelela kwinqanaba; Wazala unyana. Emva kweminyaka emithathu, u-Shostakovich, elandela lonke ixesha ngoku omnye umntu othandekayo, wamema uTatiana ukuba abe ngumkakhe. Kodwa le ntombazana ikhethe ukuphazamisa ngokupheleleyo ubudlelwane kunye nomdlali onetalente oye waba neentloni ebomini.

Ekugqibeleni eqinisekisa ukuba akazange abuyisele umthandi wakhe, uShostakovich, owakhe udidi lwakhe lwangqamene nomculo kunye neemvakalelo zothando, ngaloo nyaka watshata noNina Varzar, umfundi osemncinci ahlala naye iminyaka engaphezu kwe-20. Owesifazane, owamzalela abantwana ababini, ngokuqhubekayo ehlangene nayo yonke le minyaka yokuzilibazisa kwendoda ngabanye abafazi, ukukhashelwa kwakhe rhoqo kwaye wafa phambi komfazi wakhe othandekayo.

Emva kokufa kukaNina Shostakovich, u-biografi wakhe omfutshane uquka imisebenzi emininzi nemisebenzi edumile emhlabeni, wadala intsapho kabini: kunye noMargarita Kayonova no-Irina Supinskaya. Ngokuchasene nemicimbi yeentliziyo, uDmitry akayekanga ukudala, kodwa ekusebenzelaneni nomculo wayeziphatha ngokugqithiseleyo.

Ngamagagasi eemvakalelo zabasemagunyeni

Ngomnyaka we-1934, i-opera Inkosikazi yeSithili saseMtsensk yayisisigxina eLeningrad, esamkelwa ngokukhawuleza ngabaphulaphuli ngokuthi "Hlalani." Nangona kunjalo, emva konyaka kunye nesiqingatha sobukho bayo babesengozini: umculo wawugxeka ngokugqithiseleyo ngabaphathi baseSoviet waza wasuswa kwi-repertoire. I-premiere ye-Shostakovich ye-Fourth Symphony, eyayibonakaliswe yinkalo enkulu ngokungafaniyo ngaphambili, yayiza kubanjwa ngo-1936. Ngenxa yeemeko ezingaqinisekiyo kweli lizwe kunye nesimo sengqondo sokungabikho kwabameli bamandla karhulumente kubantu bokudala, umsebenzi wokuqala womculo wenziwa ngo-1961 kuphela. I-symphony yesi-5 yakhululwa ngowe-1937. Ngexesha le-Great Patriotic War Shostakovich isetyenziselwa ukusebenza kwi-7th symphony - iLeningradskaya, yokuqala eyenziwa ngoMatshi 5, 1942.

Ukususela ngo-1943 ukuya ku-1948 i-Shostakovich wayebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yokufundisa eMoscow Conservatory yaseMoscow, apho waxoshwa ngabaphathi baseStalin, abaye "bahlambulula" i-Union of Composers, ngenxa yokungakwazi kwabo. Umsebenzi kaDmitry "ochanekileyo" ngexesha elifanelekileyo lilondoloze imeko yakhe. Ngaphezulu, umqambi omele ulindeleke ukuba angene kwiqela (unyanzelekile), kunye nezinye iimeko, apho kwakukho ukuphakama okungaphezulu kokuwa.

Iminyaka edluleyo i-Shostakovich, eyayifundiswa ngentshisekelo ngabalandeli abaninzi bomculo, wayegula kakhulu, ehlushwa ngumdlavuza wamaphaphu. Akazange abe ngumqambi ngo-1975. Umlotha wakhe wangcwatyelwa eMangcwabeni yaseNovovicvic eMoscow.

Namhlanje, imisebenzi kaShokhoakovich, ebandakanya umdlalo womntu wangaphakathi, ukuhambisa ingxelo yokuxhalabisa ngokomoya - yile nto ibulawa emhlabeni jikelele. Iimpawu ezigqithiseleyo yi-Fifth and Eighth Symphonies ezibhalwe kwishumi elinesihlanu. Kwii-quartet zechungechunge, ezibuye zilishumi elinesihlanu, ezona zibulawa kakhulu ziLwesibhozo neseshumi elinesihlanu.