Siqithi Solovetsky kunye ezinika yayo. Indlela ukuya Solovetsky Islands, yintoni

Solovetsky Islands yindawo ekhethekileyo. Ngenye Ncebakazi encinane kuLwandle White iqulunqe isakhiwo ekhethekileyo yendalo, zembali nezenkcubeko, akukho analogue ehlabathini. Enkulu kunazo zonke yaye huma ezinika na isiqithi Solovki, nto leyo kangangeenkulungwane isebenza woonongendi odumileyo Solovetsky.

uhlobo

Iziqithi wabonakala kwiminyaka 9,000 eyadlulayo kwenye amanqanaba lokusekwa kuLwandle White, apho emva ukunyibilika komkhenkce ezinkulu kwenzeka umhlaba kuvuselele zembuyekezo. 2/3 we yonke indawo Nqabakazi ohlala Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

Ncebakazi ibekwe kwindawo hlathi. Kakhulu amahle kunye mhlaba ezahlukeneyo lesiqithi: iinduli eziphakamileyo ukunika indlela eya amachibi, kweentyatyambo nemiqolomba - nezimbuku. 70% yendawo ehlanganiswa ehlathini, ikakhulu nespruce kunye pine. Malunga ne-5% yendawo iwela kwizakhiwo emathafeni. voronichnye emathafeni Dry okufana wonxweme apho zilandelwa yi-band krivostvolnyh ezinde (ezinde jiko). Kumbindi wesiqithi esikhundleni ukugawula kunye nemililo kwenzeka ezinde kunye namahlathi Aspen. Esinendawo elunxwemeni kwaye embindini siqithi ekuhlala 0.1-0.2% yendawo esipheleleyo luphawulwa ukwakheka iintlobo owayesisityebi kwezityalo engcotyeni. Malunga ne-15% ye kwiziqithi babumba nomgxobhozo ngakumbi ubukho obhudlayo kunye neentlobo zotshintsho. Loo uluhlu olubanzi komhlaba, thaca kwi kummandla malunga 300 ezikwere zeekhilomitha, yenye yezona zinto ezimangalisayo zendalo lencinibakazi Solovetsky.

Kwiziqithi kukho ngaphezu kwe 550 amachibi. Ziyashiyana ubukhulu, imilo, imvelaphi, umbala amanzi, kodwa zonke ezintle kakhulu.

Baphi na Solovetsky Islands

Ncebakazi Solovetsky eliquka kwiziqithi ezinkulu ezintandathu kwaye ngaphezu kwekhulu encinane, ibekwe kwinxalenye esentshona kuLwandle eMhlophe km 290 kumntla-ntshona wesixeko Arkhangelsk, embindini kummandla Arkhangelsk. Le ndawo iyonke kwiziqithi 300 ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Ziquka iziqithi ezifana:

• Solovetsky (Solovetsky Esibanzi) - 218,72 ezikwere zeekhilomitha;
• Anzersky - 47,11 km²;
• Muksalma Uninzi - 18,96 km²;
• Muksalma nzulu - 1.2 ezikwere zeekhilomitha;
• 3ayatsky Big - 1.25 ezikwere zeekhilomitha;
• Small Zayatsky - 1.1 km².

indaba

Imbali kwi Solovetsky Islands iqala kuphuhliso indoda Ongasekhoyo Mesolithic. I III yeminyaka BC abazingeli ulwandle nabalobi bafumanisa ukuba Solovetsky Islands waza waqalisa uphuhliso lwabo, olwaqhubeka kwaze bamaXesha Aphakathi. Solovki wafumana khondo emininzi imisebenzi yabo yezoqoqosho-ngevangeli, nakunqulo: iindawo ezingaphezu kwama-20, iinkampu kunye neendibano zocweyo, iingcwele ezine kunye sites yamandulo, a lot of labyrinths amatye enye, amawaka zakudala.

abemi Primitive of Solovki inxaxheba izilwanyana ezithile nokuzingela zaselwandle kunye siqithi edikeni kunye ihlathi umdlalo, ukuloba, yaye abavuni eziselunxwemeni, ukwenza izixhobo ngamatye. Entsimini sites yokuqokelela esafunyanwa iintolo, kwenkcula, kuzingela nezamazembe, ilitye iiankile, iiseramikhi, unique lenkundla zokomba izembe kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. Abemi bamandulo lencinibakazi Sizibandakanye ukwakhiwa labyrinths amatye, zakhiwa engcweleni.

Isiseko Stauropegial Solovetsky Monastery

siqithi Solovetsky yaba yindawo weemonki yasekwa kwi 30 kwinkulungwane XV wavela Cyril of Belozersk kunye Valaam Monastery ithe Savvatii, Germany kunye Zosima njengoko ehlala 'nguMsindisi Chudotvortsa Nikolaya ". Ngexesha XV-XVI eminyaka. isigodlo wakhulela, ukufumana ilifa lakhe iziqithi ezinkulu lencinibakazi.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV yi lendela kwakhiwa iicawa ezintathu yeplanga: kwingcinga, St Nicholas kunye yoTshintsho, iiseli ezininzi somthi kunye izakhiwo, ukubiyelwa kocingo ngamaplanga.

Inqaba yokomoya North Russian

Embindini woonongendi ngenkulungwane XVI ongena ithuba lokulungisa umnotho ezinkulu ezinxulumene igama Abbot uFilipu (Kolycheva), wenguquko, ngokomakhi, yezoqoqosho ehlokomayo abanetalente. Apha nenani-1550-1560 bathwalwa ngaphandle kwendlela, kodwa siqithi yasekwa B. Muksalma "iyadi ubisi" kunye amaxhama kunye nemfuyo. Ukubonelela yabemi woonongendi aphilileyo amanzi 52 iziqithi Lake Solovetsky enxulumene channels yokusela. Kuba ukuziphendulela ngo-1582-1594 gg. Kwagqitywa wakha udonga lwamatye ezinde namasango. Annunciation (Gate) Church yakhiwa ngo-1596-1600 gg.

Ebudeni benkulungwane XVII weemonki Solovetsky gqolo, njengoko yolawulo, kwezoqoqosho, ngokomoya, emkhosini, iziko kwezopolitiko kunye nezenkcubeko kuLwandle White. In the XVIII-XX iinkulungwane. Wayengomnye iindawo elubhacweni kunye nokuvalelwa-mthetho zezopolitiko.

leSoviet

Emva kokuba revolution ngowe-1917 baqalisa ukwakha Russia entsha. Solovetsky Islands yayeka ukuba iziko ngokomoya yaye kwapheliswa isigodlo. Ngo-Apreli 1920, iSebe lePhondo iKomishoni Arkhangelsk elaqalisa phantsi kwesizwe kwipropati le weemonki. Yayiququzelelwe Ofisi ziziqithi Solovki, yaye enye ixesha umbutho ifama "Solovki", apho yayikhona kuze 1923. Ukusekwa ifama akuthethi kubulawe monasticism. Malunga 200 ithe yaba abasebenzi zokunxiba, yayiququzelelwe ekuhlaleni zonqulo, ogama imisebenzi kweliso yi-Ofisi Solovki kwiziqithi.

I Gulag leziqithi

Ukususela ngowe-1923 ukuya 1939 siqithi kwakunye nazo zonke izakhiwo yangaphambili weemonki Solovetsky ahlala Solovki kwintolongo NKVD (ELEPHANT). Yaququzelelwa ngenxa Kholmogory, Pertominskogo kunye Arkhangelsk, Solovki kamu ezinkulu eRashiya. Ukubunjwa amabanjwa kwi SLON watshintsha ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abameli begazi Russian, ecaweni, zizifundiswa, onke amaqela pre-revolution kwezopolitiko, izinto zolwaphulo abaye wagwetyelwa imicimbi zasekhaya, abameli amaqela zesizwe kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Phakathi abathinjwa akade izazinzulu Elephant kunye namagcisa, ababhali, iimbongi, iinkokeli zonqulo eRashiya: unjingalwazi, mbali AE Anisimov, mbali ID Antsiferov Umsunguli BA Artemyev, uProfesa SA Askol'dov mbali BB Bakhtin, igcisa IE Braz, yayizalwa Decembrists AB Bobrishchev-Dushkin, imbongi MN Crow, ethnographer NN Vinogradov, umbhali 0.B. Bolkiah, umbhali-mbali Herman Gordon, imbongi AK Gorsky, academician DS Likhachev, umbingeleli, umphengululi kunye lexicographer DA Florensky nabanye.

Okubonwayo yodederhu kwimbali nenkcubeko

Elenkcubeko nelembali lomculo i-Solovetsky Islands - mnye uhlobo, unique ngengqibelelo kunye nokuphelela lokusinda ensembles kulo, izakhiwo, iindawo zonqulo, izindlu, ukuzithethelela, ezoqoqosho, yamanzi, uthungelwano lweendlela nonkcenkceshelo iinkqubo kumaxesha, kwakunye neendawo zakudala, ezikhumbuzo, ebonisa domonastyrskuyu island inkcubeko amandulo ephakathi. Bona becala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwiziqithi ezinkulu lencinibakazi, kodwa emazweni amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngokwembali, zenza, elilodwa ebumbene. amacandelo Its ahlukene onke amaxesha embali lencinibakazi kunye North yonke Russian.

Ezinokuzuzwa le kwimbali nenkcubeko Solovetsky esimbaxa leziqithi zezi:

• Woonongendi-inqaba XV-XX iinkulungwane, A owayesakuba ityala emishini of XVI-XX iinkulungwane, yoonongendi neentlango XVI-XX iinkulungwane...;
• Vuna endlini island iinkqubo kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye yokunkcenkceshela;
• Izakhiwo "engcwele-yokupaka» III-I zeminyaka BC B. Zayatsky Anzersky kunye iziqithi;
• izakhiwo enkumbulo Groups Task Solovetsky iinkampu 1923-1939 gg. kwidolophana kunye kwisiza-mveliso ngezitena;
• kwinkangeleko yendalo.

Centre of zembali yenkcubeko entsonkothileyo lencinibakazi yi woonongendi Solovetsky - uxhasa lomculo bokwakha ezizodwa. ukwakhiwa yawo hlobo, umlinganiswa eqaqambileyo umntu ophawulekayo kweendawo ezininzi kwaye ngaxeshanye ingqibelelo zonke iinxalenye zayo.

ezinye izinto ezinomtsalane

Zakudala kunye zesikhumbuzo zokwakha, iziza yimbali izinto ezimangalisayo baziwa ngokuba phantse yonke Solovetsky Islands. Okubonwayo ifanelwe ingqalelo eyodwa akhiwe kwiziqithi zilandelayo:

• Anzersky: zintathu eMonastri (i XVII), Trinity Church (1880-1884), yiGologota-Emnqamlezweni Skete (XIX).
• Big Zayatsky: Zayatsky (eSt Andrew kaThixo) eMonastri (i XVI), dwala Harbor, Stone Harbour (i XVI), Church of St. Andrew.
• Uninzi Muksalma: Sergiev Hermitage (XVI), litye idama, izihlanganisi Muksalma ezinkulu Solovetsky Island (XIX).

Flora

Labyrinths Solovetsky Islands kuhlala iintlobo 500 zezityalo. Phakathi izakhiwo zendalo-ndawo Island kwendawo izilwanyana ezisengozini kwaye ezinqabileyo kwezityalo. befunda, ulondolozo kunye nokwandiswa kwezi izazinzulu ababandakanyekayo. Ukufika kwi siqithi, kufuneka uthathe unonophelo izilwanyana zalapha, enyanisweni zikrazukile intyatyambo okungaqhelekanga kuba neentlobo ezinqabileyo. Adinga ukhuseleko ezizodwa flora zilandelayo: Rhodiola rosea, UDaphne esiqhelekileyo, Platanthera bifolia, Orchis ezingcitha, Dryopteris eyindoda, orchis ebanzi-zodonga, nompleyini eSiberia, girchovnik entla, lauzeleuriya recumbent, lwemostade kunye nezinye ulwandle Arctic.

amanzi onxweme oLwandle White - enye indawo pool Algoflora bazizityebi kakhulu zemveliso (apho kukho iintlobo-160 ulwelwe benthic).

kulona

Izilwanyana wesiqithi ngenxa kwezibonelelo zoMgaqo-Solovki Nqabakazi kunye emantla indawo ayahlukanga ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezincancisayo. Ezimbini iintlobo zazo yabonakala apha enkosi mntu. Le adle, woziswa siqithi ngenkulungwane XVI, kwaye muskrat, owayebonakele apha kule 1920.

Bacebe kwinani kweentlobo avifauna iziqithi ezininzi. Birds Solovki abhalwe iintlobo phantse 200. Phakathi kwazo kukho "Incwadi Red": ukhozi emhlophe-ezinomsila, nenkqo, shelduck eqhelekileyo, umthintele. Of umdla ezizodwa yenye ngamathanga eYurophu lukhulu tern Arctic koloni eRashiya inkulu ama broody. Iyantlukwano enkulu kweentlobo eyabelwe Solovetsky Island.

Of nezilwanyana zaselwandle amanzi onxweme itywina eqhelekileyo engqongwe, iminenga ukutya, seals elineentshebe, nangohadi. Kunxweme isiqithi Anzer nokwanda waphawula ubunzima pinnipeds kunye nenxalenye yasentshona Big Solovetsky Island ugxuba oluhambelana of iminenga ezimhlophe ukuya abantu amakhulu eziliqela.

uKhenketho

Nqabakazi umdla gqitha abantu abathanda indalo. Hayi kuphela wayetyelele weemonki odumileyo abakhenkethi beze Solovetsky Islands. Nature ezinika kwakhona ufanelwe ingqalelo. Okumangalisayo ubume kuhluka ukuvumela kwindawo compact ukuba enyuka ehlathini, kunandipha ubuhle emakriweni aluhlaza kunye namachibi, bagcine zasendle.

zokupaka ezizodwa Nqabakazi. Beautiful, ziziqithi ezininzi ezincinci Long Bay liqumrhu eyodwa yamanzi, apho kuhlala ngokungenisa iifom relict Arctic of ezingenamqolo, emele eziphilayo phantse avaliweyo. Mhle Emnye Bay, phantse dissecans isiqingatha Anzersky siqithi.

Uhlobo lencinibakazi Solovetsky inexabiso obalaseleyo jikelele, kuba ibonakalisa ixesha ezisisiseko post-glacial imbali zejoloji North, imbali yentsebenziswano yoluntu kuquka kumhlaba mihle kwaye indawo yokuhlala lweentlobo ezinqabileyo zeentaka kunye amathanga intaka enkulu. Abantu ukubo- kwindalo nonina, kuyacetyiswa kakhulu ukuba ukutyelela Solovetsky Islands.

Indlela ukufika ku Solovki ubusika

kwicala le ndlela kuxhomekeke kubunzima obukhoyo imozulu kunye namaxesha onyaka. Ebusika, intshukumo encinane kakhulu, kwabakhenkethi ngokwesiqhelo kwi siqithi kukho kuphela umoya ovela Arkhangelsk:

• moya moya "Air Nord" (AN-24) besuka «Talagi» Airport ngooLwezibini ngeeCawa. ixesha moya - imizuzu engama-45.
• Ukususela moya "Vaskovo" ngoLwesihlanu inkampani usebenza moya "2nd AOAO" (L-410).

Indlela ukuya kwisiqithi ehlotyeni

Oluphuculweyo Inombolo sezulu iinketho ukutyelela Solovetsky Islands ukunyuka kakhulu. Indlela ukuya Nqabakazi entlakohlaza nasekwindla sihlolisise. Ukongezelela moya evela Arkhangelsk, vula kunye neendlela ze Karelia ngeli xesha.

Ukususela mimandla ukuze aye Arkhangelsk ekucetyiswa-moya okanye uloliwe. Kwizithuthi iindlela zasekuhlaleni kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Njengoko ebusika, ku Solovki, ungafumana umoya. Moya ezisuka «Talagi» Airport (NordAvia) eqhutywe ngooLwezibini, ngeMigqibelo nangeeCawa. Ukusuka "Vaskovo" (AOAO-2) - ngeMivulo, ngooLwezithathu, ngoLwezihlanu nangemiGqibelo.

Eyona ndlela romantic - kukuba ukufumana izikhephe kwi Solovetsky Islands kwidolophu Karelian ka yaseBelomorsk kunye Kem. Kwiindawo eMoscow St. Petersburg esixekweni linokufikeleleka ngololiwe Murmansk. Ukususela pier Rabocheostrovsk (Kem) iinqanawa ngomkhombe imihla Solovki "Blizzard" yaye "Vasiliy Kosyakov". nqanawa "Sapphire" isuka yaseBelomorsk. Iziqithi kwakhona fanayo "iiteksi komlambo" - izikhephe ezincinane ezizisa nabasemzini kunye nabakhenkethi ngamnye. Aircraft kunye izikhephe bathathe abakhweli kwisiqithi esiyintloko - Solovetsky.