Museum ukhuseleko umlilo emizini Russian. Imbali yokhuseleko lomlilo

Phakathi zonke iintlekele abaya ukubandezeleka Rus, uninzi imililo rhoqo, njengoko kangangeenkulungwane iibhloko ezisisiseko zokwakha zakhiwa apho ezidolophini nokwakhiwa yasemaphandleni koko kuye iinkuni. Kuba isono unobangela abantu ukuba beze phantsi ngaphezu kwabo, okanye wabonakala phezu kokongamela umntu, kodwa kwafuneka ukuba alwe nabo basoloko, kwaye ngokunjalo imbali yokhuseleko lomlilo alohlukaniswa kwimbali yelizwe lethu.

Museum, ebalisa ekulweni umlilo

Malunga ke, yiyiphi indlela yaba kuphuhliso loshishino umlilo eRashiya, wathi ukungakhuseleki for lonke iimyuziyam ilizwe zokukhusela umlilo. I inkulu kubo, eyasekwa ngo-1957, ise-eMoscow Durov esitratweni. Xa kwiiholo le myuziyam iqulethe imiboniso ukuba lokuphinda imbali yokulwa nomlilo ukususela kwixesha uIvan ngabangcangcazelisi ukuya namhlanje.

Akukho ngaphantsi umdla kukuba d Lilo Service Museum e St. Petersburg, sise Bolshoy Ithemba IVOTI,. 73. Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba ngokutsha imbali yeshishini lomlilo kuyo iquka ixesha eqala nge izihlandlo ezimbalwa kakhulu kutshanje ─ ubekelwe Peter I nangokuvela kwalo ngumdla omkhulu kwaye ziqulathe eziliqela nemiboniso ezizodwa. Ukongeza, i-museum yomlilo eyasekwa Samara, Yekaterinburg, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo kunye Krasnodar. Ngamnye kubo iqulethe izinto nesigubungelo uphuhliso inkonzo yomlilo bobulali kuphela, kodwa ukuba kuliwe umlilo eRashiya.

Ngokubanzi, ibandla yokhuseleko emlilweni yeemyuziyam eMoscow, eSt Petersburg kunye neminye imizi yelizwe kunye noovimba mali zembali ukuvumela ukuba ufake umfanekiso indlela baseRashiya ukususela kumaxesha amandulo bazama ukuxhathisa rhoqo ukuya iintlekele umlilo.

imithetho iNkosi ezijoliswe umlilo ukulwa

Imbali yokhuseleko emlilweni, nokwafumanekayo ukubonakaliswa kwayo kwi esekhona mpepha, luphuma eziliqela imimiselo ezikhutshwe yi-Grand iNkosana Moscow, Ivan III ─ likayihlo Ivana Groznogo, emva kokuba umlilo yoyikekayo esalidlakaza ikomkhulu ngo 1472.

Kule yaye kamva mimiselo, ukubona ukukhanya Ixesha Romanovs, wabayala ngokungqongqo ezixekweni (ingakumbi kwi-capital) ukwakha kangangoko kunokwenzeka izakhiwo zamatye kunye nokwakha kubo indawo ekhuselekileyo kweli umgama ngokunxulumene umlilo omnye komnye.

Ukongeza, idwelisa iqela amanye amanyathelo ezijolise ekuthinteleni umlilo. Malunga kwabenzi imimiselo kakhulu, ngokukodwa abo ityala nemililo, Kujongwe izohlwayo bumandundu.

Kodwa njani ukuba akatswe kwiindawo abemi, ezinxamnye umyalelo waseburhulumenteni nobuganga ukupheka ukutya ekhaya ngexesha kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni ezishushu kunye yomlilo kumaziko, yaye ongunaphakade Russian "mhlawumbi" soloko busa imithetho engundoqo yokhuseleko emlilweni. Ngenxa yoko, maxa wambi ziintlekele umlilo wathabatha enkulu ezoyikekayo ukuze yayigungxula imizi yonke.

imililo ezimbi eminyaka edlulileyo

Kwanele ukukhankanya iziganeko kuphela nje ezimbalwa kumxelela sesichengeni phantse zonke ezi iimyuziyam ngomlilo nemiphumela emibi ukhuselo ─ ezinjalo ababenayo kubomi karhulumente. Okokuqala, ukuba umlilo 1212 owatshabalalisa kwisithuba nje ezinye iiyure ezimbalwa ka-4300 neemitha of Veliky Novgorod. amaxhoba akhe malunga liwaka abahlali.

Ngowe-1354 umlilo itshayelwe eMoscow, iiyure ezimbini ibe luthuthu engamabhodlo kungekuphela nje incwadi kodwa namadlelo ayo ngeenxa zonke. Enye intlekele yaba ingqukuva nomlilo, owenzeka ngo 1547. Emva koko umlilo wakhe wabulala amawaka aliqela abahlali Sobukhosi lokuQala.

Ukuzalwa inkonzo yomlilo Russian

Impendulo kumngeni ebekwe izinto ehlokomayo, iye yaba ukudalwa mlilo ekhethekileyo eRashiya. kuqala Bona nendele isiseko uxwebhu kuphuhliswa 1649 kunye inxaxheba Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, kwaye othi "Imiyalelo kwi deanery isixeko." Phantsi amalungiselelo ayo, yonke imizi emikhulu kweli lizwe babe mlilo abaqeqeshiweyo, amalungu ihlawulwa imivuzo ezisisigxina.

Ummiselo efanayo bayalela abaqeshwa mlilo, ukongeza ekuqhubeni umsebenzi iiyure ezine, ukuba wenze umlinganiselo zimbi othintelo ekwinkululeko yemimandla yabo nokuchonga violators lwemithetho kunokwenzeka ukuba uphathe umlilo. Ukongeza, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich owaya kunye nokudalwa indlela yokulwa nomlilo waza wayalela ukuba ukusebenzisa le ityhubhu njongo vodopolivnye yaba kwase of ithumbu zanamhlanje.

Inqanaba entsha yophuhliso lwenkonzo yomlilo kazwelonke

Iminyaka wobukumkani Peter I yaba ixesha xa umbutho wokhuseleko lomlilo luphakame ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. Ngokukodwa, iye yaphuculwa izixhobo umlilo-ukulwa, imizekelo emininzi apho ukumkani ekhethekileyo ezithengwe kwamanye amazwe. Enkosi kuye, nokulahlwa abacimi Russian baba iimpompo yokuqala, gqibezela enemikhono isikhumba kunye sekhe amanzi ubhedu.

Ngelo xesha kwi-Admiralty St. Petersburg, isebe umlilo yokuqala eRashiya yasekwa. E Moscow, inkonzo umlilo rhoqo wabonakala emva kwexesha kakhulu. Umthetho wendalo kwayo sikhutshwe Alexander I ngowe-1804 kuphela.

Protection umlilo kwinkulungwane XIX

Lo mlawuli elandelayo, uNicholas mna, lowo wenyuka etroneni ngowe-1825, waqiniseka ukuba inkonzo umlilo rhoqo Uyekile ukwenza ezininzi St. Petersburg eMoscow. Xa phantse zonke iindawo ezinkulu lizwe Kwabonakala ukulwa isebe umlilo.

Kuyinxalenye yentlanganisela zonke mlilo, inqaba, kwiimeko ezininzi, waba isakhiwo mde kuloo mzi, apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba bazigcine zonke iilali eziyingqongileyo. Xa kusitsha kuwo wamvusa iibhola ezizodwa iflegi kunye umqondiso, inombolo yakhe kisekiyo ngqo ubungakanani baba umthombo ngomlilo.

Kuye ngcono kakhulu ngexesha nezixhobo zokulwa umlilo. Uninzi iisampulu yakhe yantlandlolo inokubonwa le Moscow Museum of ukhuseleko emlilweni, ngokunjalo kwimiboniso nakwezinye izakhiwo efanayo. Kwinkulungwane XIX zixhobisa amasebe umlilo ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko kuququzelelwa yi ukusekwa kwiinkampani eMoscow St Petersburg ukuba aququzelele imveliso ye kuphela iimpompo umlilo kunye namathumbu kubo, kodwa nazo zonke izixhobo ezinxulumene: leri ukusongwa, gaffs izixhobo ezifunekayo umlilo-mlilo.

iminqwazi umlilo Old ezikhutshwe ngexesha XIX kunye XX ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, ngaba lophawu ebalulekileyo phantse zonke iimyuziyam izifundo ezifanayo. Kuyinxalenye yentlanganisela aziwayo zabo kwakhona kuyithi esangena ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwisikhululo mlilo ezazisetyenziswa iimoto, owathatha ihashe ezirhuqwa.

Amanyathelo zokulwa umlilo esithathwe yi kwiBolsheviks

E St Petersburg Museum of yokhuseleko lomlilo kwindawo eyodwa inikwa umbutho ekulweni nomlilo kwiminyaka emva revolution. Kukho thaca amaxwebhu entsusa, ebalisa lezithuba ezabelwe iziko ngo-Apreli 1918, i-Commissariat lokhuseleko kunye nomlilo ukulwa. Waba intloko yayo yokuqala M. T. Elizarov.

Ngenxa yemigudu yakhe ilizwe ngokukhawuleza kumisa nothungelwano olubanzi lezikhululo emlilweni, uuba lixhotyisiwe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo entsha ixesha. Kunyaka olandelayo, amanyathelo ezongezelelweyo uRhulumente ukomeleza mlilo ziye zathathwa. Order of Abantu Commissars yesakhiwo NKVD, umbutho inamandla kweli xesha limiswe iCandelo Central, wakhokela ulawulo kweenkonzo zomlilo kwilizwe liphela.

Imbali zokulwa umlilo kwixesha eSoviet

Ngowe-1924 eLeningrad wavula emlilweni kwikholeji yokuqala, leyo iqale ukwakha isiseko kwabasebenzi apho kwasekwa inkqubo yolawulo lomlilo lonke kwixesha elizayo. Indawo ebalulekileyo lithathe ezakhiwe kamva phezu liphulo Young Communist League kunye ezahlukeneyo nemibutho yabasebenzi. Eyona idumileyo kula mlilo ngokuzithandela, Omasebe kungekudala yabonakala kulo lonke elo lizwe.

iphepha abacimi yaqala ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwimbali inkonzo yomlilo, apho amajoni ayo ukuba phambili ukulwa umlilo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kuphela mnye iLeningrad, ngaphezu kwama-2 amawaka. Of kubo Wabunikela ubomi babo. Nje kwenzeka kwi Meyi 1945 mlilo umlilo komjikelo lokugqibela lobungangamsha nge Red Square kunye onke amabutho.

Celebration imbeko abantu yobuqhawe umsebenzi

Namhlanje, inkonzo umlilo iye yaguquka yaba inkqubo ephucukileyo multi esebenza-ukuba ungakwazi thola uze ucime neepokotho lomlilo nayiphi xaka. Isixhobo yayo kwimpumelelo ezintsha zobugcisa zale mihla. Xa njengophawu lwentlonipho ukuba abantu beli msebenzi esiyingozi, kodwa ezifuneka kakhulu ngamaxesha onke ngurhulumente ngo 1999 yaye yasekwa ─ emthendelekweni Russian wokhuseleko emlilweni.