Imali, Utyalo-mali
Investment: lingabali utyalo-mali. Uphinda-phindo Ifuthe kutyalo
Konga icandelo ibalulekileyo iindleko zizonke kuluntu. Phantsi lo mbono, baqonde indleko ngeentlanga kusetyenziswa ekuthengeni iimpahla kunye neenkonzo kuselwe lokugqibela. Inqanaba yabathengi ukuchitha iphenjelelwa yimiba ezininzi. Omnye wabo yi-mali. ezininzi mali inomlingani obonisa utshintsho kwimveliso kunye nabo.
Ifomula wokuphindaphinda yokuqala
Keynes wabopha ngencazelo wayevuma eludinini kumtshisa wokuvukela wokuphindaphinda. iingcinga zakhe wadalwa nguNjingalwazi Robert Kahn ngo-1931. Wayekholelwa ukuba iindleko (umzekelo: imisebenzi karhulumente) aqalile ukudala amathuba emisebenzi "yokuqala", kwakunye ngelize amandla nokuthengwa abasebenzi kunye neenkampani abandakanyeka ekuphunyezweni kwalo msebenzi. Zenza imfuno elitsha, waba umthombo yengqesho "eminye".
Kulo mzekelo, iindleko ezintsha neyendlu yinxalenye kuphela sengeniso abasebenzi kunye neenkampani, kwaye imali eseleyo aya kubandakanyeka ukuhlawula amatyala okanye ukubekela bucala. Ngokutsho Kahn, lingabali kuxhomekeke kubukhulu imali echithwe inyathelo ngalinye elitsha. Ngenxa yoko, lingabali investment imisiwe, ifomula: K = 1 / (1 - K). Lo mbono yaphuhliswa Keynes. ezininzi yayo ibonisa ukuxhomekeka sengeniso yesizwe yotyalo umdla - (C = Dy / di). Yaziswa ngo- sisixa ixhomekeke kwi-olungaka ukwanda sizisebenzisile. Ukuba sicinga ukuba ingeniso yesizwe Y-, I - mali, ngesifo sephepha C, kunye - loluthando kudla, ke ifomyula: Dy = DC + Di; Dy = kugawulwa Dy + Di; DC = dy xua; Dy = di (1 - a); Dy / di = 1 / (1 - a) = K> 1 xa 0
Ukukhula kunye nokuncitshiswa ingeniso kuya kubaluleka kakhulu ukuba kukho utshintsho ngenxa kutyalo-mali. Nale umphumo ukuba nazo ngokuqwalasela umzekelo wokwamanani. Zicingele ekuqaleni mali (I0) yi-100 (bn ..), Njengoko umsebenzi yokusebenzisa linikwa kwi ndlela ilandelayo: C = 20 x 0.6 + uY The inxaki eziqhelekileyo karhulumente ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Y0 = 20 x 0 + 0,6Y + 100 Kungenxa yoko le Y0 = 300 (bln. miri.). Ukuba Isixa sedipozithi sokuqala 140 ukukhula (I1), inxaki zilandelayo ziya kuba y1 = 0.6 X 20 + y1 + 140 Ngoko y1 = 400 (bn. Hlikihla.). Oku kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba engange ukukhula kwabo ukuya ku-40 ezigidi.. kukhokelele ekwandeni ingeniso 100 ezigidi. bagcobe. Yiyo le nto kuthiwa isiphumo esikhulu mali. Enye amacandelo iinkcitho zizonke ezi-mali. Ngaphantsi kwabo badla iminikelo ekwaziseni kwikomkhulu yokwenene yale nkampani. Amaninzi, ezi investment zexesha elide. Ubungakanani ixabiso net kubo kuxhomekeke imiba emibini. Lokuqala - izinga kulindeleke yenzuzo, ekufuneka ifunyanwe ngeendleko abanini. Umba yesibini umyinge wenzala. Oosomashishini ukuvelisa iimpahla utyalo-mali iya kufumana ingeniso engakumbi kwimeko yokwanda wokuqala kwi investment. Xa isifundo lwezalathisi ukumisela lingabali kuya kuba lula. Inzuzo isisusa ngenxa owayeze mali. Oko kukuthi, usomashishini osakhasayo zithenge kuphela xa kulindeleke ukuba iza kuba nenzuzo. Kuyenzeka ukuqwalasela umzekelo ethile. Umnini masifundisane ngenxa ukwenziwa ifanitshala ufuna ukwenza utyalo mali kwi entsha screwdriver. Kubiza engange-2000, kwaye kwisithuba - kunyaka-1. Ekwenziweni ucweyo ukuba wande, yaye ngenxa yoko kwingeniso. Kokuba kuthathwe ukuba net ukubuya enokulindelwa 2500, oko kukuthi, lingabali mali 2.5. Xa utyalo-mali edityaniswe kwenye candelo iindleko. Le umyinge wenzala, oko kukuthi ixabiso umhlawulayo usomashishini osakhasayo imali mboleko efunekayo ukwenzela ukuthenga umatshini lokusila. Imali ibe bubulumko ukuba umyinge wenzala lingaphantsi umlinganiselo kulindeleke yenzuzo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba indima ebonakalayo idlalwa hayi wesiqhelo kunye real wenzala. Ukunyusa utyalo-mali, lingabali iya kutshintsha bahluphekayo unit nganye. Keynes yabalelwa ukuba icandelo esebenzayo ngu 2.5 ukuya US kunye UK kuqoqosho. Action utyalo ezilahlwayo iza kuqhubeka de kufike ixesha njengoko uzigqibile ezintsha nobuchwepheshe, nto leyo ehambisana nalo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, utyalo-mali lwexesha elide inzuzo engaphaya. Xa 0 Utshintsho yenzuzo iya hhayi ngenxa imali, oko kukuthi, utyalo-mali. Keynes wabonisa ukuba ukwenza njani imali ukufikelela kwinqanaba elifunekayo zotyalo-mali. Le nkqubo lwenziwa yi multipliers. Le Isazinzulu bonke kubiza usomashishini osakhasayo ukwenzela ukuthenga izixhobo iindleko zemveliso. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubala ukusebenza ifanelekileyo eyinkunzi kwakunye ukubala inzuzo. Ubume lotyalo mali kweli cala ixabiso elikhulu. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba usomashishini enethemba ukuzuza ikomkhulu lakhe ixesha elide. Keynes ratio ngengeniso kunye nomvuzo isigqibo egameni yangaphambili. Umenzi uyakwazi enemveliso ukusebenzisa mali ulwelo ukuba umyinge wenzala yi ngaphantsi kwe-ngeniso ekulindeleke evela kutyalo-mali. Le Isazinzulu umisela umyinge wenzala njengoko ibhodi zaveliswa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amatyala. Ngokwembono yakhe, kuxhomekeke kuvavanyo zesimo neemeko zangoku nezexesha elizayo kwezoqoqosho. Kulo mzekelo, utyalo-mali iza kuba lula ngakumbi, njengoko unikezelo ukwanda eyinkunzi ngohlobo engamanzi. Ngelo xesha, ukuba umba imali iya ukwandisa amanani nokunciphisa yokwanda amatyala, njengokuba zabo amandla ukuthenga ziya kuba mbalwa. Imfuno imali inokuba engenasiphelo ngexabiso eliphantsi ngokwaneleyo umdla. Keynes wakhanyela ukuba isakhiwo-mali zisenokwahluka phantsi kwempembelelo umyinge wenzala, ezo akakwazi ukutshintsha izicwangciso zotyalo ngoosomashishini ngokubanzi. Isikolo Keynesian isaphonononga utyalo-mali, lingabali utyalo-mali, kwaye kananjalo idala iziphakamiso pfunaka. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, yayiyilwe kwiinkqubo zoluntu ezifumene inkxaso-mali esuka kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, imiqathango lokuququzelela yemisebenzi yoluntu elikhulu, njl ezininzi mali ivumela ukugcina bafuneka kangakanani xa kukho ingxaki kuqoqosho, ngokunjalo ukuba nefuthe elihle kwi imeko yezoqoqosho ngokubanzi. Uphinda-phindo Ifuthe kutyalo
Investments: wokuphindaphinda yotyalo
Izinga kulindeleke yenzuzo
umyinge wenzala Real
Ukutshintsha bahluphekayo
umyinge wenzala kunye nefuthe layo kwi investment
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