Iliphi ilizwe elenza i-opera? Imbali yomculo womculo

I-opera, i-ballet, umculo weza ngokusinceda size senze ukuba siziva ngathi zikhona rhoqo. Kodwa oku akunjalo. Olunye uhlobo lwemihla luhlobo olutsha kwiinkcubeko zehlabathi. Kule nqaku, siza kujonga kwilizwe naxa i-opera ibonakala. Igama ngokwayo linemiphumo yaseLatin. Igama elithi "opus" lithetha "umsebenzi", "umsebenzi", "udidi". Ekubeni uhlobo lomculo luqulunqwe yi-Florentines, imisebenzi yaqala ukubizwa ngokuba yi-operas yase-Italy. Yayiqala nini ukudala le ntalo, kwaye eyayikujoliswe kuyo indlebe? Ngubani owayengumbhali we-opera yokuqala ehlabathini? Funda ngoku ngezantsi.

IIkhademi kunye neCamerata

Kwi-Renaissance, ukuthabatha ngokubanzi kwenkcubeko yasendulo. Ukusuka kwimizamo 'yokuvuselela' ilifa la mandulo kwaye lalibizwa ngokuba yinkcubeko yembali. Kwinqanaba elikhethekileyo, le ntlupheko yexesha elide lafika "ezweni lakubo" lolawulo lwamaRoma lwamaRoma, e-Italy. Kwiminyaka elineshumi elinesibhozo neshumi elinesibhozo, okubizwa ngokuba yi-academies-i-culturogical and community communities-yaqala ukubonakala kuyo yonke indawo, eyayingabikho kwiCawa. Kuya kubonakala, luphi ulwalamano olu ngcaciso engentla ifakwe kumbuzo weliphi ilizwe elisebenza kuyo i-opera? Eyona ngqo. Kwii-academy, iimbongi, iingoma, izazinzulu kunye nabantu abacebile nabakhanyisiweyo ababandakanyekayo kwizinto zobugcisa. Kwaye i-opera, njengokuba uyayazi, ayizange ifane ne-Benedictine chapel okanye i-oratorio yecawa. Iingqungquthela zenkcubeko (iiklasi kunye neeseli zecala) zaxhaswa ngabalawuli belizwe kunye nabatyebi abazizityebi zobugcisa. Injongo ephambili yale mimandla yayikuphuhliswa nokukhuthazwa kwezesayensi nobugcisa.

Florentine Camerata

E-Italy ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo kwakukho malunga neenkulungwane zezikolo. UFlorence wayenenhlanhla ngaphezu kwezinye iidolophu. Bonke abalawuli beli phablikhi babecinga ukuba banomsebenzi wokunyanzelisa abantu abadala kwaye bawanike ngokuphandle. Ngoko ke, iitalente zonke zase-Italy zazibuthene eFlorence. Ngo-1580 uGivanni Bardi, owayephethe isihloko sika-Count Vernio, waqalisa ukudala iKamerata. Kwaye ngoku le ngqungquthela inxulumene ngqo nelizwe apho i-opera ibonakala khona, kuba injongo yayo yayiyi "imvuselelo yomculo wasendulo." Iingoma kunye neengoma zenziwa njani kwiRoma yaseMandulo, akukho namalungu e-Florentine Camerata azi kakuhle. Kodwa amalungu enkcubeko yendawo yenzululwazi kunye nabantu abaqilileyo: uJacopo Peri, uCristofano Malvezzi, uGirolami Mei, u-Ottavio Rinuccini, uPietro Strozzi, uGiulio Caccini, uJacopo waseKorea kunye noyise weenkwenkwezi eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Vincenzo Galilei.

Iliphi ilizwe elenza ukuba i-opera kumculo ibonakale kwaye yayibizwa ngokuba yintoni?

Abaqambi, inxalenye yeKamerata yaseFlorence, beza kwisigqibo sokuba eRoma lasendulo, umdlalo wamandulo wawuvakaliswa kumculo. UJacopo Peri wagqiba ngokugqithiseleyo ukuvuselela ubugcisa obuliliweyo. Ngenxa yoko, i-monody yabonakala - uhlobo olutsha lokucula ngengoma, eyenziwa kwisigqi samahhala sokuhambelana nokuthobeka . Oku kudalwa umqambi - umvelisi wolu hlobo - olubizwa ngokuba ngumdlalo ngomculo (umdlalo ngomculo). Ngoko, sele sasiqonda ukuba yiyiphi i-opera eyabonakala kuqala. Yaye yayibizwa ngokuba yintoni? Kwaye kwabhalwa nini? Yayibhalwe nguJacopo Peri ngo-1598. Kodwa, ngelishwa, i-opera yokuqala kwimbali ayikwazi ukuhlaziywa ngoku. Amanqaku alo msebenzi, alas, ayilondoloziwe. Siyazi nje ukuba yayibizwa ngokuba nguDaphne.

Iliphi ilizwe elivezwe yi-Opera 2?

Kodwa i-score yokuqala yafika kuphi? Kwakhona, eFlorence. Yaye yenziwa ngumlobi ofanayo, uJacopo Peri. Kodwa ngoku, ngokubhaliweyo kunye no-Ottavio Rinuccini. Kulo opera, amalungu e-Florentine Camerata aboniswe kumculo kunye nomculo ocula ingoma yeengcamango malunga no-Orpheus no-Eurydice. Lo msebenzi wawuqukethe "i-arias", ufundwe ngokuphindaphinda ngokulandelelana kwezixhobo ezi sixhenxe. I-opera "i-Eurydice" yayiyimisebenzi eyenziwe ngesiko. Wayebhalela kwisiganeko esibalulekileyo-umtshato womthonyama waseFlorence, uMaria Medici, kunye noKumkani waseFransi, uHenry weNine. I-opera yaboniswa kwimibhiyozo yomtshato kwi-Pitti Palace ngo-Oktobha 6, 1600. Ngendlela, ngexesha elinye lavela enye ingoma yomculo, negama elifanayo kunye nebali elifanayo. Umbhali wale opera "Eurydice" ilungu le-Florentine Camerata Giulio Caccini.

Uliso lomculo womculo

"Idrama ngomculo" yayithandwa kakhulu ngabathandi bezomculo. Kwaye i-opera njengolu hlobo lwaqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Abaculi baseNtaliyane baqhubeka bengabalweli bokuqala. Kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe i-opera "yahamba" ngeAlps kwaye yaqalisa umkhondo wayo ophumeleleyo ngeYurophu. Kwilizwe ngalinye, lafumana iimpawu zesizwe.

EJamani, inzondelelo yaseNtaliyali yatshintshwa yintando yokuthanda izwe. I-opera yesiFrentshi yinto engaphezulu. Emva kokucacisa umbuzo, kweliphi ilizwe i-opera ebonakalayo, makhe sicinge ngoluphi uhlobo lo msebenzi lwalolu hlobo oluvela kwisiRashiya. Kuyaziwa ukuba sele sele i-1730s kwintendelezo yenkosi baphulaphula imvumi ezenza i-arias. Kodwa ba bezinye iintlanga, ngokubanzi bevela eItali. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, imfashini yabonakala kwiivenkile zecala, apho i-troupe yayo yayinama-serfs. I-opera yokuqala, i-freetto ebhaliweyo ngesiRashiya, ithathwa njengomdlalo wekhaya kunye ne-arias "I-Miller - umkhohlisi, umlumbi kunye nomlingisi" ngumqambi uMo Sovsvsky kwisicatshulwa se-AO Ableisimov (1779).