Iinkwenkwezi: iintlobo iinkwenkwezi kunye nokuhlelwa zabo umbala kunye nobukhulu

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ukukhangela njengeenkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni ngayo. Tiny, kundibanekela izibane ezibandayo ukukhanya emhlophe. Kumaxesha amandulo, abantu abakwazi ukuza ingcaciso yale meko. Star waziva amehlo woothixo, imiphefumlo ookhokho abafileyo, abagcini kuzo, ukukhusela ukuphumla abantu ebumnyameni ebusuku. Ke akukho namnye ayikwazanga baye bacinga ukuba Sun - Kananjalo inkwenkwezi.

Yintoni inkwenkwezi

Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba abantu baqaphela ukuba abamele iinkwenkwezi. Iintlobo iinkwenkwezi, iimpawu zabo, ukumelwa indawo apho iikhemikhali kunye neenkqubo zomzimba - oku indawo ezintsha zolwazi. ngeenkwenkwezi bamandulo akwazi ukucinga oko ukukhanya eneneni akukho anjengedangatye encinane, kunye nobukhulu ibhola ezisindayo yerhasi eshushu, apho abasabela zenzeke fusion. Kukho imangalisayo luthintithayo dim khanya - lukhanyiselo lifu basabela enyukliya, kwaye ubushushu zokuba kwelanga - kukho ubushushu esinombala ezigidi izidanga Kelvin.

Zonke iinkwenkwezi ukuze sibonwe esibhakabhakeni ngeliso lenyama, kukho kwi kumnyele iMilky Way. Ilanga - ziyingxenye wezijikelezi, kwaye ibekwe kwi emaphethelweni yayo. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba khangela njani kufana isibhakabhaka ebusuku, ukuba kwelanga embindini iMilky Way. Ngapha koko, inani leenkwenkwezi kule kumnyele - ngaphezulu kwe-billion 200.

A bit ngembali ngeenkwenkwezi

Izazi wamandulo likutshele engaqhelekanga kunye umdla malunga iinkwenkwezi zezulu. Sumerians sele bodwa nakwiinkwenkwezi ngamnye kunye ezulu, ukuba okwesihlandlo sokuqala kubalwa ngokwahlula-engile zizonke 360 ^0. Baye udale ikhalenda kwenyanga, yaye bakwazi ukuvumelanisa kunye ilanga. AmaYiputa babekholelwa ukuba umhlaba kwi embindini iphela, kodwa sasisazi ukuba Mercury kunye Venus ukujikeleza ilanga.

E China, sasi- astronomi njenge inzululwazi ekupheleni kuka III nkulungwane BC. e., kwaye kuqala Wabonakala isikhungo XII. BC. e. Bona bafunda kwelanga kwenyanga nelanga, kwangaxeshanye ukuba ukwazi ukuqonda isizathu labo kunye yokubala umhla ibiqikelelwe, waphawula imilambo Meteor kunye nethala necala.

Inca Ancient wayesazi umahluko phakathi kweenkwenkwezi kunye langa. Kukho ubungqina engangqalanga ukuba babenolwazi lo waseGalili Hewana kaZeyus , kunye nezibonwayo ungabe kucacile ukuba disk ka Venus, ngenxa yobukho ojikeleze umhlaba ukuze ujikeleze kakuhle.

AmaGrike amandulo bakwazi ukubonisa sphericity komhlaba, zicebise heliocentrically nkqubo. Bazama ukubala sangqa iLanga, nangona ngempazamo. Kodwa amaGrike baba ngabokuqala cishe wacebisa ukuba iLanga ubukhulu eMhlabeni, phambi kwabo bonke, sithembele kokubonwa ezibonwayo, wacinga ngenye indlela. Greek Hipparchus wadala kwikhathalogu yokuqala iinkwenkwezi ezichongiweyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iinkwenkwezi. Ukuhlelwa iinkwenkwezi kulo msebenzi lwezenzululwazi yayisekelwe ukukhanya. Hipparchus ezichongiweyo 6 iiklasi ukukhanya, bonke kwikhathalogu yaba 850 Makube.

Yintoni ukufuna izazi zamandulo

kudidi lokuqala leenkwenkwezi ngokusekelwe ukukhanya kwazo. Ngapha koko, le njengenqobo ifumaneka kuphela ukuba ngeenkwenkwezi, bexhobile kuphela iteleskopu. Le propati ankrelekrele okanye ilifa unique ziinkwenkwezi zibonakale bade bafumana amagama abo, yaye abanazo zonke iintlanga. Ngoko ke, Deneb, Rigel, kunye Algol - amagama Arab, Sirius - Latin kunye Antares - Greek. Polar Star kwiintlanga zonke igama layo. Oku mhlawumbi enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kwi "ngengqiqo bobuqili" zeenkwenkwezi. indawo yayo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku ingaguqukanga, nangona njengokujikeleza komhlaba. Ukuba Ezinye iinkwenkwezi ukunqumla isibhakabhaka uya ukususela ekuphumeni kwelanga, North Star akatshintshi indawo yayo. Ngoko ke, ukuba kusetyenziswa oomatiloshe zalo kunye nabakhenkethi njengodondolo ethembekileyo. Hi ndlela leyi, echasene inkolelo edumileyo, oku inkwenkwezi aqaqambe esibhakabhakeni. Polar Star ukubonakala akemi phandle - nokuba ngobukhulu okanye ukwanda chweba. Ungafumana kuphela ukuba uyazi apho ungajonga. Le sise ekupheleni "emele isiphathi" Ursa Minor.

Yintoni na isiseko yokuhlela ogcwele

izazi Modern, ephendula umbuzo oko iintlobo iinkwenkwezi, abadli ukukhankanya ukugqama okanye indawo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Ngaba loo mbono kulungile zembali okanye iintetho, eyenzelwe kakhulu kude kakhulu kwi abaphulaphuli ngeenkwenkwezi.

Ukuhlelwa Modern leenkwenkwezi ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwabo ecacicleyo. Oku ngesiqhelo nangoku abonisa iqaqambile abaninzi kunye kwirediyasi umzimba yasezulwini. Onke la manani zinikwe ngokunxulumene ilanga, ethathwa njengeyunithi kanye iimpawu zayo.

Ucalulo leenkwenkwezi ezisekelwe kule njengenqobo yokugweba, kukuzibophelela ubukhulu. Lo mgangatho ukukhanya ngathi umzimba yasezulwini ngaphandle umoya, ngokuqhelekileyo lumiswe kumgama parsecs-10 ukusuka kwindawo mkhanya. Ukongeza, ithathele ingqalelo Ukwahluka ukukhanya kunye nobukhulu nkwenkwezi. Iintlobo iinkwenkwezi ngoku kuxhomekeka kwiklasi ecacicleyo kwaye sele zichazwe - subclass. Izazi Russell kunye പ്രൊസീജിയര് indlela ngokuzimeleyo yahlalutya ubudlelwane phakathi luminance, ubukhulu ngokupheleleyo, iqondo lobushushu kunye izikhanyiso yeklasi ecacicleyo. Bakha umzobo kweloo ukulungelelanisa nezamazembe, bafumana ukuba ngaba isiphumo singesiso ingalawuleki. Aqaqambileyo igrafu indawo amaqela distinguishable ngokucacileyo. Lo mzobo ivumela, esazi udidi ecacicleyo yazo iinkwenkwezi, ukuba ukuchaza ubuncinane ukuchaneka elisondeleyo yobukhulu yayo epheleleyo.

bazalwa njani Iinkwenkwezi

Eli nani waba ubungqina ocacileyo ingcamango mihla yendaleko ezi imizimba yasezulwini. Le grafu ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iklasi inkulu ezinobudlewane ebizwa ngokuba yi-iinkwenkwezi main ulandelelwano. Iintlobo iinkwenkwezi yelo ingxenye zezona ixhaphake kakhulu ngalo mzuzu kwindalo iphela kwinqanaba lophuhliso. Eli nyathelo Ekukhanyeni apho amandla ndidleke kuphele, ngenxa radiation offset ifunyenwe ngexesha basabela nokumanyana. Ixesha elichithwa kweli nqanaba sezijikelezi ugqitywa ubunzima kunye nepesenti lweziqalelo nzima ngaphezu helium.

Ngokubanzi zinakanwa mzuzu kwethiyori yendaleko obalaseleyo ithi lokuqala likhanya uphuhliso inyathelo iyakhutshwa ilifu igesi ingxilimbela. Phantsi yempembelelo womxhuzulane yayo, kubhaliwe zixinaniswe, ngokuthe ngcembe ajike abe ibhola. Kukokona ucinezelo, iza kuya iqina ngakumbi amandla omxhuzulane aguqulwa abe bubushushu. Gas itshiswa, yaye xa amaqondo obushushu ifikelela million 15-20 K, usana indlela star yenyukliya iqala. Emva koko inkqubo ucinezelo omxhuzulane imisiwe.

Eyona xesha ebomini ngayo inkwenkwezi

Ekuqaleni, xa ngaphakathi izikhanyiso abatsha ngabona ngayo kumjikelo hydrogen. Eli xesha lide kubomi nkwenkwezi. Iintlobo iinkwenkwezi ngeli nqanaba uphuhliso, kwaye thaca kule inkulu imizobo ulandelelwano eziphambili ezichazwe ngasentla. Ekugqibeleni hydrogen isikhanyiso engundoqo kosuku lwaba helium. Emva koko omlilo yenyukliya kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kwimiphetho isiqalo. Star kuba licace maleko zayo zangaphezulu bazimisela kakhulu, yaye amaqondo obushushu uvikivwa. umzimba waseZulwini iba elikhulu ebomvu. Eli xesha ubomi inkwenkwezi emfutshane kakhulu kunalowo yangaphambili. isiphelo sayo ngakumbi kancinane efunda. Kukho iindidi ngeenkolelo, kodwa ubungqina obuphathekayo ingekafunyanwa. Ithiyori iqhelekileyo kukuba xa helium kuba kakhulu, umongo obalaseleyo, ayikwazi ukuthwala ubunzima bayo, into zixinaniswe. Ubushushu kwandisa de, ngelixa helium akuthethi sele kungena fusion reaction. amaqondo omkhulu kukhokelela yokwanda elilandelayo, Nenkwenkwezi iba ingxilimbela ebomvu. Bayahlelwa ngakumbi izikhanyiso phezu kuqikelelo wenzululwazi, kuxhomekeke ubunzima bayo. Kodwa mbono ngale, kodwa ngenxa modeling computer, ayiqinisekiswanga yi bakubonileyo.

ebanda iinkwenkwezi

Wavele, iingxilimbela ebomvu esinobunzima encinane iya zixinaniswe, babe UDema yaye ngokuthe ngcembe niziphozisayo. Star avareji ubunzima nga kuguqulwa ube nebula langa, lo gama kwiziko lemfundo enjalo kuya kuqhubeka khona ububona lwangaphandle ezigquma engundoqo ngokucotha niziphozisayo kwaye abe yingqakumbana emhlophe. Ukuba iinkwenkwezi esembindini kukhutshwe radiation ebalulekileyo infrared, kukho imiqathango ukusebenza ngendlela ukwandisa iqokobhe gas nebula langa maser cosmic.

adalwa Kuku ukuncipha uyakwazi ukufikelela kwinqanaba ingcinezelo ukuba electron ngokoqobo seyiqalile nuclei atomic, zibe neutron. njengoko phakathi ezi amasuntswana Akukho isizathu electrostatic, inkwenkwezi ibe zixinaniswe ukuba ubukhulu kwiikhilomitha ezininzi. Kulo mzekelo, ingxinano layo lidlula lexinene amanzi izihlandlo 100 million. Loo lenkwenkwezi leyo kuthiwa neutron yaye, enyanisweni, nucleus enkulu atomic.

iinkwenkwezi omkhulukazi isekhona ngokulandelelana ngexesha synthesizing abasabela ngxubevange helium - carbon, ngoko umoya kuyo - lesilicon, yaye ekugqibeleni yentsimbi. Kulo nyathelo, basabela fusion lwenzeka yesiqalo supernova. Supernovae, ke, ezingenza abe neutron, ukuba ubunzima inkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba baqhubeke ucinezelo ukuya kumyinge ezibalulekileyo kwaye ukwenza imingxuma emnyama.

zobukhulu

Ukuhlelwa iinkwenkwezi ngobukhulu kungabonwa ngeendlela ezimbini. Ubukhulu balo msebenzi baye kwenkwenkwezi inokuchazwa yi radius yayo. Iyunithi kulo mzekelo nguye owela ngaphakathi kwama-kwelanga. Kukho encane, eliphakathi-ertyisi iinkwenkwezi, Anaki kunye supergiants. Hi ndlela leyi, ilanga ngokwalo nje, nengcungcuthekileyo, nenomlanga. Kwirediyasi iinkwenkwezi neutron unako ukufikelela iikhilomitha nje ezimbalwa. Yaye supergiant bamba ngokupheleleyo komzila planethi iMars. Phantsi iinkwenkwezi ubungakanani kwakhona kwizinto ubunzima bayo. It ngokusondeleyo ukuya izikhanyiso ubukhulu. Inkwenkwezi mkhulu uphantsi lexinene, kwaye Kwelinye icala, nokukhanya ngaphantsi, kungona mninzi. Le bemfuno viriruetsya hayi kangako. Iinkwenkwezi ezinkulu okanye incinane amaxesha Ilanga 10, encinane kakhulu. Uninzi ukukhanya ifakwa kuluhlu ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya 0.03 izihlwele elanga. Sun Ukuxinana, lathabathela kulo isalathiso lokuqala 1.43 g / cm ^3. White UDema konga ifikelela 10 ¹² g / cm ³ kunye lexinene i supergiants sobisi kusenokuba izigidi amaxesha ngaphantsi elanga.

Kwisikimu yokuhlelwa inkwenkwezi olusezantsi lonikezelo ngokobunzima imi ngolu hlobo. Ngokuba izibane ezincinci ziquka ubunzima ukusuka 0.08 ukuya ku-0.5 ilanga. Yokuncipha - ukususela 0.5 ukuya kwi-8 abaninzi solar, kunye omkhulu - 8 okanye ngaphezulu.

Ucalulo leenkwenkwezi. Ukusuka blue kwabamhlophe

Ucalulo inkwenkwezi umbala okunene ayisekelwanga ukukhanya ebonakalayo emzimbeni, kunye neempawu ecacicleyo. Isidoda spectrum yenjongosenzi emiselwe umchiza ukwakhiwa iinkwenkwezi, oko kuxhomekeke kwithempritsha yayo. Ulwahlulo iqhelekileyo Harvard, yasekwa kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ngokutsho imilinganiselo eyamkelekileyo, ngoko ukuhlelwa kwi iinkwenkwezi umbala icebisa qheke ngeentlobo 7.

. Ngoko ke, iinkwenkwezi, iqondo lobushushu liphezulu ukususela-30 ukuya kuma-60 amawaka K, obizwa ngokuba Class A. izikhanyiso imizimba blue, ngobuninzi efanayo yasezulwini 60 ifikelela izihlwele elanga (s M..), Yaye ke radius - 15 radii elanga (s. p.). Imigca yeehidrojeni helium xa ezinye kunokuba buthathaka. Luminance izinto ezifanayo yasezulwini unako ukufikelela-1 million 400 namawaka. Luminosities Solar (s. C.).

Ukuze njengeenkwenkwezi iklasi B ziquka ukukhanya kunye lobushushu ka-10 ukuya ku-30 amawaka. K. Le imizimba yasezulwini ezimhlophe nemsi, ubunzima lwabo luqala imizuzwana 18. m, kanti radius -. 7 p. m. Le iqaqambile phantsi izinto lesi sigaba 20 lamawaka. s. s., kwaye umgca hydrogen malumga luyenyuka, zifikelela amaxabiso avareji.

Eklasini A iinkwenkwezi kolundi ubushushu ukusuka 7,5 ukuya 10 lamawaka. Ngokuba aselemhlophe. Ubunzima ubuncinane imizimba yasezulwini ezifana iqala ngo-3.1 kwimizuzwana. m, kanti radius -. 2.1 kwimizuzwana. p. Le likhanya zezinto kuluhlu ukususela-80 ukuya kuma-20 amawaka. S. a. imigca hydrogen amandla spectrum ezi nkwenkwezi kuvela umgca metal.

Izinto eklasini F akanasichazi umbala otyheli-omhlophe, kodwa kubonakala emhlophe. amabanga abo lobushushu ukusuka kwisi-6 ukuya 7.5 amawaka K, uluhlu ubunzima ukusuka 1.7 ukuya 3.1 sm radius -. 1.3 ukuya 2.1 s. p. Iinkwenkwezi likhanya onyukele kumaqondo ezinjalo ukususela nge-6 ukuya kuma-80. a. hydrogen line kuwuyeka lo spectrum, imigca zesinyithi, phezu koko, luyenyuka.

Ngoko ke, zonke iintlobo iinkwenkwezi ezimhlophe kuwa phakathi iiklasi A ku F. koko, ngokutsho ulwahlulohlulo, elandelwa tyheli naorenji.

Yellow, orange neenkwenkwezi ebomvu

Iintlobo iinkwenkwezi ngombala asuka oluhlaza ukuya ebomvu, kunye ngokunciphisa lobushushu, nokunciphisa ubukhulu yaye iqaqambile le into.

Star Class G, k nokuba Sun libhekisela ukufikelela lobushushu-5 ukuya 6 amawaka. Ngokuba, ukuba tyheli. Ubunzima bezinto ezinjalo - ukusuka s 1.1 ukuya 1.7. M., The oyi - kwisekhondi 1.1 ukuya 1.3. p. Luminance - kwisekhondi 1.2 ukuya ku-6. a. imigca ecacicleyo helium neemethali umgca hydrogen kakhulu ngokuncipha.

UkuKhanya, ukubayinxalenye K eklasini, abe lobushushu ukususela 3.5 ukuya ku-5 amawaka K. Babonakala etyheli-orenji, kodwa umbala lokwenyaniso ezi nkwenkwezi -. Orange. Kwirediyasi izinto data egcinwe kwi kuluhlu ukusuka s 0.9 ukuya 1.1. . P, ubunzima - ukusuka s 0.8 ukuya 1.1. m. amabanga Brightness kwisekhondi 0.4 ukuya 1.2. a. imigca hydrogen kusebenza ezingabonakaliyo, imigca zesinyithi beqine kunene.

Uninzi iinkwenkwezi ebandayo, kancinane - Class M. lobushushu kuphela 2.5 - 3.5 amawaka K, kwaye kubonakala ukuba ebomvu, kodwa enyanisweni ezi izinto-orenji-red .. star uMthendeleko kuluhlu ukususela 0.3 ukuya 0.8. M., The oyi - ukusuka s 0.4 ukuya 0.9. p. Luminance - kuphela 0.04 - 0.4 s. a. Oku ukufa iinkwenkwezi. Lalingu kuphela lwafunyanwa kutshanje UDema brown. Kuba ziye kwiklasi ethile M-T.