IEC 61850: Iiforam neenzuzo umgangatho

Ngokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe bezedijithali, abavelisi bezixhobo ze-electrotechnical abazange bahlale ngasemva. Nangona ubukho be-ISO belizwe lonke, iRashiya yavelisa umgangatho wayo we-IEC 61850, ojongene neenkqubo zendawo kunye namanethiwekhi.

Inxalenye ethile yembali

Ukuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutheni akulondolozanga inkqubo yolawulo lwegridi kagesi. Umgangatho oqhelekileyo owamkelekileyo we-IEC 61850 wawusungulwa okokuqala ngo-2003, nangona ukuzama ukuphumeza iinkqubo kule nkqubo kwakunjalo kwiminyaka engamashumi ama-60 ekhulwini lokugqibela.

Ingundoqo yento iyancitshiswa ekusebenziseni iiprotoksi ezikhethekileyo zokulawula amanxibelelwano kagesi. Ngesiseko sabo, ngoku, kunye nokubeka esweni ukusebenza kwazo zonke iinqununu zolu hlobo.

Ukuba ngaphambili, ingqwalasela ephambili yayijoliswe kuphela ekuphuculeni iinkqubo zekhompyutha ezilawula imboni yamandla kagesi, ngoko ngokungeniswa kwemithetho, imigangatho, iifayile ngendlela ye-IEC 61850, imeko yatshintsha. Injongo ephambili yale GOST yayikubonelela ukubeka iliso ukwenzela ukuba ichonge ngexesha elifanelekileyo iingxaki ekusebenziseni izixhobo ezifanelekileyo.

IEC 61850 protocol kunye neempawu zayo

Iprotocol yona ngokwayo yayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiminyaka ye-1980. Emva koko, iinguqulelo ze-IEC 61850-1, i-IEC 60870-5 iinguqulelo 101, 103 no-104, i-DNP3 kunye ne-Modbus zisetyenziswe njengenguqulelo zokuqala ezivivinywayo, eziye zazingagqibekanga ngokupheleleyo.

Kwaye kwakungokuphuhliswa kokuqala okwakhiwa isiseko seprotocol ye-UCA2 yosuku lwangoku, ephakathi kwe-1990 yayisetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwiNtshona Yurophu.

I sebenza njani

Ukuyeka umcimbi wokusebenza, kuyafaneleka ukuchazela ukuba yintoni umgaqo-nkqubo we-IEC 61850, ngenxa ye "dummies" (abantu baqonda kuphela izinto ezisisiseko zomsebenzi nokuqonda imigaqo yokunxibelelana nezixhobo zeekhompyutha).

Umgca wecala kukuba i-chipproprocessor chip ifakwe kwisitishi okanye kwisikhululo samandla, ukuvumela ukudluliswa kwedatha kwimeko yenkqubo yonke ngqo kwi-terminal ephakathi eyenza ulawulo oluyisiseko.

Ukudluliselwa kwedatha, okubonelelwa ngu-IEC 61850, kwenziwa ngexhumo oluphezulu. Ngokuthethileyo, i-chip iboshwe kwi-LAN e kufuphi.

I-DAS (i-Data Acquisition System) isebenzisa ubuncinane ukusasazwa kwe-64-bit ngokubambisana ne- algorithms ye-encryption efanelekileyo .

Kodwa, njengokuba kukho ukubonisa, ezi nkqubo zibuye zisengozini. Ukubukela amabhayisikobho aseMelika, xa esinye isiqephu siphelisa amandla okuphela kwekota? Nantsi oku! Ukulawulwa kwamanethiwekhi ombane asekelwe kwi-IEC 61850 protocol ingaqulunqwa nawuphi na umthombo wangaphandle (kuya kuqondwa ukuba kutheni). Okwangoku, khawuqwalasele iimfuno zeenkqubo eziphambili.

I-Standard I I-IEC 61850: iimfuno zonxibelelwano iinkqubo

Ukuba bekuye kwacaciswa ngaphambili ukuba umqondiso kufuneka udluliselwe ngokusebenzisa umgca wefowuni, namhlanje iindlela zokunxibelelana ziye zafika phambili. Iifomps ezifakiwe ziyakwazi ukuhambisa kwi-64 Mbps, ngokuzimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kwabanikezeli banikezela iinkonzo ezinxibelelwano eziqhelekileyo.

Ukuba sicinga i-IEC 61850 imilinganiselo ye "dummies", inkcazelo ibonakala ilula: i-chip yecandelo lombane isebenzisa iprotocol yayo yokudluliselwa kwedatha, kwaye ayikho imilinganiselo ye-TCP / IP esemgangathweni. Kodwa akukho konke.

Umgangatho ngokwawo ngumgaqo-nkqubo we-IEC 61850 ukudluliswa kwedatha kunye noxhumo olukhuselekileyo. Ngamanye amagama, uxhumano kwi-intanethi enye, inethiwekhi engenazintambo, njl njl. Yenziwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Kwizethingi, njengommiselo, iiparameters ze-proxy zisetyenzisiweyo, kuba ezo zizo (nokuba ziyiyona nto) ezona zikhuselekileyo.

Indawo yendawo yesicelo

Kucacile ukuba ngokwemiqathango ebekwe yiGOST IEC 61850, akuyi kukwazi ukufaka lolu hlobo lwezixhobo kwibhokisi yenguqu yokuguqulela (akukho ndawo yendawo yekhompyuter apha).

Ngelo xesha, isixhobo esinjalo asiyi kusebenza. Ifuna ubuncinane indlela yokuqala / yokuphuma kwenkqubo ye-BIOS, kunye nomzekelo ohambelanayo wokudluliselwa kwedatha (inethiwekhi engenazintambo, uxhumano olukhuselekileyo oluxhunyiwe, njl.).

Kodwa kwiziko lokulawulwa kwegridi yamandla karhulumente okanye kwendawo, unokufikelela kuwo wonke umsebenzi wezityalo zamandla. Ngokomzekelo, nangona kungengona nto ibhetele, ungayifaka ifilimu ethi "Umhlaba oyiNtloko" (i-Core), xa inkohlakalo ikhusela ukufa kweplanethi yethu ngokukhusekisa umthombo onamandla onika "inguqulelo" inguqulelo ye -Earth core spinup .

Kodwa oku kuyingcamango ecocekileyo, mhlawumbi kunye nokuqinisekiswa okuqinisekileyo kweemfuno ze-IEC 61850 (nangona oku kungakhankanywe ngokuthe ngqo). Nangona kunjalo, ukugqithiswa kwe-IEC 61850 yeyona ndlela ibukeka kakuhle ngale ndlela. Kodwa zingaphi iingozi ezinokuphetshwa?

I-unit yesine yesiganeko seChernobyl sityalo samandla enyukliya, ukuba sasixhotyiswe izixhobo zokuxilonga ezihambelana nomgangatho, ubuncinane ubuncinane be-IEC 61850-1, akunakho ukuqhuma. Kwaye ngo-1986, uhlala nje ukuvuna iziqhamo zenzeke.

I-radiation - yinto enjalo eyenza ngasese. Kwiintsuku zokuqala, inyanga okanye iminyaka, iimpawu zesifo se-radiation asiyi kubonakala, makungabikho kuphela isigxina-ubomi be-uranium kunye ne-plutonium, apho bambalwa abantu namhlanje. Kodwa ukudibanisa iibaloji ezifanayo zeGeiger kwisitshixo samandla kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokuba kule ndawo. Ngendlela, le protocol ngokwalo ivumela ukuba idlulise idatha enje kwi-hardware-software kwinqanaba elithintekayo.

Indlela yokwenza imodeli kunye noshintsho kwiiproductshi zangempela

Ukuqonda okulula kunjani ukuba, umzekelo, i-IEC 61850-9-2 imisebenzi ejwayelekile, kuyafaneleka ukuthetha ukuba akukho fowuni yensimbi inokumisela isalathiso sedatha edluliselweyo. Oko kukuthi, sidinga i-repeater efanelekileyo ekwazi ukuthumela idatha malunga ne-nkqubo yenkqubo, kunye nefomatiweyo.

Kulula kakhulu ukufumana uphawu, njengoko kuvela. Kodwa apha ukuba yafundwa kwaye yachithwa yicandelo lokufumana, kuyimfuneko ukukhupha. Enyanisweni, ukucacisa isalathisi esingenayo, umzekelo, ngokusekelwe kwi-IEC 61850-2 kwinqanaba lokuqala, kufuneka usebenzise iinkqubo zokubonakalisa njenge-SCADA ne-P3A.

Kodwa ngokusekelwe kwinto yokuba le nkqubo isebenzisa uxhulumaniso olunxibeleleneyo, iiprotokholi eziphambili zi-GOOSE kunye ne-MMS (ukuba ingadityaniswa nemiyalezo yeselula). Olu mgangatho wokuguqulwa kwe-IEC 61850-8 luvelisa ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kweMMS, lulandelwa yi-GOOSE, ekugqibeleni ivumela ukuboniswa kolwazi malunga nobuchwepheshe be-P3A.

Iintlobo ezisisiseko zokumisela indawo

Naliphina isitishi esisebenzisa le protocol kufuneka sibe neyona idilesi encinane yeendlela zokudluliselwa kwedatha. Okokuqala, inxulumene neso sakhiwo esixhomekeke kwinethiwekhi. Okwesibini, elowo maqela kufuneka abe neyomodyuli enye okanye ngaphezulu.

Kule meko, idivayisi ngokwayo iyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wehhafu, isango okanye nokuba ngumhlobo we-intermediary for the transfer of information. Iimpawu zengqiqo zineengcamango ezincinci kwaye zahlula kwiiklasi ezilandelayo:

• "Iinkqubo" zokulawula ngokuzenzekelayo;
• Iimodeli zokulinganisela;
• "C" - ulawulo lwe-telemetry;
• "G" - iimodyuli zemisebenzi jikelele kunye nezicwangciso;
• "Ndiyithetha" ukusetha ukuqhagamshelana kunye neendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kwedatha;
• "L" - iimodyuli ezinengqiqo kunye neenkqubo zendlela;
• "P" - ukhuselo;
• "R" - izixhobo ezikhuselekileyo ezinxulumene;
• - S-sensors;
• «T» - iinguqulelo zokulinganisa;
• "X" - izixhobo zokutshintshelana ne-block;
• "Y" - uhlobo lwamandla oguquli;
• "Z" - yonke into engabandakanywa kwezi zilapha ngentla.

Kukholelwa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo we-IEC 61850-8-1, umzekelo, unako ukubonelela ngokusetyenziswa kweencingo okanye iingcingo ezingaphantsi, okuqinisekileyo, kukuchaphazela ngokuqinisekileyo ukulungelelaniswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha. Kodwa ingxaki ebalulekileyo, njengoko kuvela, ngaba bonke abalawuli abakwazi ukucwangcisa idatha efunyenweyo nangona kukho iiphakheji zesofthiwe ezihambelanayo. Ndingathanda ukuthemba ukuba le ngxaki yesikhashana.

Software software

Nangona kunjalo, nakwiimeko zokungaqondakali kwemigaqo yenkqubo yelo hlobo, i-IEC 61850 isingeniso ingenziwa kwiphina inkqubo yokusebenza (nakwi-mobile).

Kukholelwa ukuba abaphathi okanye abahlanganisi bachitha ixesha elide lokucwangcisa idatha evela kwiindawo ezifakwe kuyo. Ukwakhiwa kwezicelo ezinjalo ziyi-intuitive, i-interface iyilula, kwaye konke ukucwangciswa kuqulethwe kuphela ekufakweni kwedatha yendawo kunye nesiphumo esizenzekelayo siphumo.

Iingxaki zezo nkqubo zingabonwa kuphela ngeendleko ezigqityiweyo zezixhobo zeP3A (iinkqubo ezincinci ze-microprocessor). Ngako oko kungenakwenzeka kwesicelo sayo esisininzi.

Isicelo esisebenzayo

Ngaphambi koku, konke okuchazwe ngokubhekiselele kwi-IEC 61850 yomgaqo-nkqubo inxulumene nolwazi kuphela. Lo msebenzi usebenza njani?

Masithi sinezixhobo zamandla (isitishi) esinegunya lesigaba esithathu kunye neziphumo zokulinganisa ezimbini. Xa kuchazwa i-node engqinelanayo, igama elithi MMXU lisetyenziswe. Kufuneka umgangatho we-IEC 61850 ungabini: MMXU1 kunye ne-MMXU2. Node nganye node ingaba neqhosha elongezelelweyo ukuze kube lula ukuchongwa.

Umzekelo umodeli we-XCBR-based. Kuchongwa ngokusetyenziswa kwabanye abasebenzisi bokuqala:

• Inkcazo yendawo yeendawo okanye indawo ekude;
• I-OPCnt - ubuchule bokubala imisebenzi eyenziwe (eyenziweyo);
• I-Pos - umqhubi ophethe uxanduva kunye neefom parameters;
• I-BlkOpn - umyalelo wokukhubaza ukuvalwa kweshintsho;
• I-BlkCls - vumela ukhiye;
• I-CBOpCap - ukhetha indlela yokusebenza yomtshini.

Uluhlu olunjalo lokuchaza iiklasi zedatha yeCDC lusetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiinkqubo zokuguqulwa 7-3. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko enje, ukucwangciswa kusekelwe ekusebenziseni iimpawu eziliqela (i-FC - izithintelo zokusebenza, i-SPS - imeko yendawo yokulawula enye, iipropati zeSV kunye ne-ST zendlela yokufaka indawo, i-DC kunye ne-EX-description kunye nencazelo yeparitha enwetshiwe).

Ngokuphathelele inkcazo kunye nenkcazo yeklasi ye-SPS, ikhonkco enengqiqo ibandakanya izakhiwo ze-stVal, umgangatho ngu-q, kwaye i-parameters yexesha yangoku i-t.

Ngale ndlela, idatha iguqulwa ngokusebenzisa i-Ethernet yoxhumo lobuchwepheshe kunye neenkqubo ze-TCP / IP ngokuthe ngqo kwi-MMS variable variable, echazwe igama negama, elikhokelela ekufumaneni ixabiso langempela naluphi na uphawu olubandakanyekayo.

Ukongezelela, i-IEC 61850 protocol ngokwayo ingumzekelo oqhelekileyo kwaye ungabonakaliyo. Kodwa ngesiseko sayo, isakhiwo salo naliphi na inxalenye yenkqubo yamandla ichazwa, evumela ukuba i-microprocessor chips ichane ngokuchanekileyo isixhobo ngasinye esibandakanyekayo kule ndawo, kubandakanywa nalabo basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulondoloza amandla.

Iingqungquthela, ifomathi yeprotocol ingaguqulelwa kuba nayiphi na idatha yedatha, ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo ye-MMS kunye ne-ISO 9506. Kodwa kutheni ukuba i-IEC 61850 ilawula umgangatho okhethiweyo?

Inxulumene kuphela nokuthembeka kweeparitha ezifunyenweyo kunye nenkqubo elula yokusebenza ngokunikezela amagama anzima okanye imizekelo yenkonzo ngokwayo.

Inkqubo enjalo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kweprogram ye-MMS ibonisa ukuba iyidla ixesha elide, nangona xa kudala imibuzo efana ne "ingxelo yokufunda-ebhaliweyo". Hayi, ewe, unokwenza lolu hlobo lokuguqulwa nakwi-architecture ye-UCA. Kodwa, njengokuba kukho ukubonisa, yinto yokusebenzisa umgangatho we-IEC 61850 ovumela ukuba wenze oku ngaphandle kwemigudu kunye neendleko kwixesha.

Imiba yokuqinisekisa idatha

Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ayigcini kuphela ekufumaneni ukuhanjiswa. Enyanisweni, iinkqubo ezincinci ze-microprocessor zivumela ukutshintshiselwa kwedatha kungekuphela kwinqanaba le-substation kunye neenkqubo zokulawula eziphambili. Bayakwazi ukucwangcisa idatha kunye nomnye phambi kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo.

Umzekelo ulula: i-chip ye-elektroniki idlulisa idatha kwi-current or voltage kwindawo engundoqo. Ngako oko, nayiphi na issystem esekelwe kwi-drop drop can enable or disable additional power system. Konke oku kusekelwe kwimithetho eqhelekileyo ye-physics kunye nobunjineli bamandla, nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeke kwikhoyo. Umzekelo, sinombane oqhelekileyo we-220 V. EYurophu - 230 V.

Ukuba ukhangele imigaqo yokuphambuka, kwi-USSR yangaphambili i-+/- 15%, ngelixa kumazwe aseYurophu athuthukileyo ayikho ngaphezu kwama-5%. Akumangalisi ukuba iteknoloji engasentshonalanga iyaphela nje ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwamandla kwigridi yamandla.

Kwaye, mhlawumbi, akuyimfuneko ukuthetha ukuba abaninzi bethu bajonge egcekeni isakhiwo ngesimo se-transformer booth, ekwakhiwe ngamaxesha eSoviet Union. Ingaba ucinga ukuba ungafaka i-chip yikhompyutha apho okanye uxhuma iingcingo ezikhethekileyo ukuze ufumane ulwazi malunga nombuso we-transformer? Yiloo nto, akunjalo!

Iinkqubo ezintsha ezisekelwe kumgangatho we-IEC 61850 zivumela ukulawulwa ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iiparitha, kodwa ukubonakala kokubonakalayo kokuphunyezwa kwayo okubanzi kufana neenkonzo ezinxulumene ne "Energosbytov" ngokusetyenziswa kwamaprotoli ale nqanaba.

Akukho nto emangalisayo kule nto. Iinkampani ezihambisa umbane phakathi kwabathengi zingahle zilahlekelwe yintlawulo okanye ngamalungelo kwimarike.

Endaweni yebonke

Ngokuqhelekileyo, umgaqo-nkqubo, ngakwesinye icala, ulula, kwaye kwenye - inzima kakhulu. Ingxaki ayikho nokuba akukho software ehambelanayo nanamhlanje, kodwa ukuba yonke inkqubo yokulawula phezu kwimbane yamandla kagesi, esiyifumana njengefa kwi-USSR, ayilungele le nto. Yaye ukuba uthe wagxininisa imfundo ephantsi yabasebenzi bokugcina, akukho mbuzo ukuba umntu unokukwazi ukulawula okanye ukuphelisa iingxaki ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kithi emva kwethu konke njengoko kwamkelekileyo? Ingxaki? Siyacima i-microdistrict. Yonke into.

Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwesi simiso kuvumela ukukhusela iimeko ezinjalo, ungakhankanyi naluphi na umonakalo.

Ngaloo ndlela, uhlala nje kuphela ukufikelela kwisiphumo esithile. Umsebenzisi wokugqibela usebenzisa i-IEC 61850 protocol? Ngomqondo olula - oku kukuphazamiseka kwamandla angenawo amaconsi emandla kwinethiwekhi. Qaphela ukuba ukuba i-computer okanye i-laptop ayiklanyelwe ukusebenzisa amandla angenakuguquka okanye umlawuli wombane, ukuhla okanye ukuxuma kungabangela ukuvala ukuvala kwenkqubo. Kulungile, ukuba ufuna ukubuyisela kwinqanaba leprogram. Kwaye ukuba imemori iyatshisa okanye i-hard drive iyaphela, yintoni esimele siyenze ngoko?

Oku, isifundo esifanelekileyo sophando, kodwa imigangatho ngokwayo ngoku isetyenziswa kwizityalo zamandla kunye ne "iron" efanelekileyo kunye nokuhlola iprogram ziyakwazi ukulawula ngokupheleleyo zonke iiparitha zamanethiwekhi, ukukhusela iimeko kunye nokuvela kwezinto ezingabalulekiyo ezingabikho kuphela ukuphulwa kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo , Kodwa kunye nokuhluleka kwazo zonke i-wiring yasekhaya (yaziwa ukuba yenzelwe ukungabi ngaphezu kwe-2 kW kumbane oqhelekileyo we-220 V). Ngoko ke, kubandakanyeka kunye nefriji, umshini wokuhlamba okanye ibheyili yokufudumala kwamanzi, cinga ngamakhulu amaxesha ukuba kulungile kangakanani.

Ukuba inguqulelo ye data protocol ezichaphazelekayo, izicwangciso esezantsi iza kusetyenziswa ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwaye galelo likhulu kumayelana kuvusa i ampere-16 efanayo fuse, apho abahlali zezindlu ezinemigangatho-9 maxa wambi nokumisa obabo ubulungisa, ngokudlulisela inkonzo, unoxanduva kulo. Kodwa ke ixabiso le umba, njengoko kuvela, iphezulu kakhulu, ngoba ivumela yokucima ezinye iintsilelo ezinxulumene nomgangatho ngasentla zikhankanywe kunye nemimiselo yayo ezihamba kunye.