I-cross-uviwo enkundleni: ingqiqo, iintlobo, amacebo

Ngemibuzo engundoqo iindlela zenkqubo ubungqina ngexesha lokuthethwa kwetyala. Ukusuka ukuziphatha kwakhe yokuluka ixhomekeke semthethweni nokunyaniseka sigqibo. Ukwahlula phakathi ngqo kunye cross-yoviwo. Le yokugqibela lisetyenziswa kwi Anglo-Saxon kwinkqubo yomthetho. Ukuba nokwenzeka ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumthetho Russian ibonelela yoluntu kunye nolamlo inkqubo, imiba zokuphula yezolawulo. Kodwa ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umnqamlezo-iimviwo kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ingcaciso-cross-yoviwo

Kumthetho Russian mihla kumGaqo umba lomnqamlezo-yoviwo. Loo nkcazo ukunika nasiphi na isenzo zomthetho. Noko ke, le ncwadi yomthetho, ezifana Arotsker LE, Grishin, SP, Aleksandrov A. S., elingcwele izifundo zakhe yale meko kwaye isicelo yayo kwiingxoxo zasekhaya.

Xa Uphando lwezenzululwazi kukho definition ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuba le yinkqubo cross-ancinwe ngayo abathathi-ukubuza imibuzo ngaxeshanye ukuba umntu omnye kwi imeko enye. Abanye, elandela umzekelo komthetho Western, phantsi umnqamlezo-yoviwo ukuze baqonde ukuba ulandela ngqo nokuba wacezela phaya.

Ukulungiselela injongo yalo nqaku yamkelwe definition Aleksandrova A. S. Grishina SP, ekuthe ngenxa emnqamlezweni yokuzivavanya iimviwo egqwetha umntu ubungqina isetyenziswa yi iqela ezingalunganga njengobungqina.

Iimpawu ze-cross-yoviwo

Ngokwahlukileyo ukwalathisa olu hlobo ngemibuzo esemthethweni kuphela, musa ukufaka uphando pre-kwetyala. Kubonisa kakuhle eli tyala mihla - yokulingana amaqela. Kulo mzekelo, cross-zoviwo ikhutshwa phandle kuphela ngamaqela kwaye inkundla ubawa ekucaciseni imibuzo kuphela.

imibuzo enjalo unamandla olucengayo omkhulu enkundleni kwaye labagwebi kuthelekiswa ukwalathisa, kuba imibuzo ebuzwa wacezela phaya.

Cross-uviwo kufuneka kusoloko ilungelo, ngoko oko kuza emva kwindalo. Kuyanceda ukucacisa ubungqina, ukufumana ezingenasigxina kunye nobuthathaka kunye, ekugqibeleni, kube ijonge ukuqinisekisa ukuba umnxeba wathandabuza amazwi ndlebe naye.

Kakuhle ubuntu yesibini cross-yoviwo kufuneka benikwe yayo ezithile - oko kukuthi, njengokuba umthetho, isekelwe phezu obupheleleyo, ukucacisa okanye ukuphikisa sele efunyenwe ngethuba loviwo ngqo ulwazi

imibuzo enjalo kudla akucingeleki, ngoko igqwetha kuyimfuneko ukulawula ngokungqongqo yonke inkqubo kwaye iimpendulo zale bancinwe.

iintlobo

Kuyinto yimpazamo ukukholelwa ukuba umnqamlezo-iimviwo enkundleni usebenza kuphela amangqina. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba phantsi nakubani na imibuzo. Ngokungqinelana ne-Code of Criminal Procedure, ukuze sikwazi ukubona iintlobo cross-yoviwo, kuxhomekeke kwimo zenkqubo ekwakusenziwa naye udliwano-: ekubuzweni ummangalelwa (Art 275 Code of Criminal Procedure.), Ixhoba (Art 277 Code of Criminal Procedure.), Ingqina (art 278 CCP RF.), Ingcali (Art. 282 Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-). Kulo mzekelo, utshutshiso cross-iimviwo ziya kuqwalaselwa njengoko amangqina ummangalelwa imibuzo kunye neengcali zokhuselo. Kuba wokhuselo umnqamlezo Ukuphononongwa ixhoba, amangqina kunye neengcali ze-kotshutshiso.

cross-zoviwo iinjongo

Igqwetha kufuneka ngokucacileyo injongo afuna ukufikelela Asebenzisa kule nkqubo. Eyona njongo nawuphi awayencinwa kukuseka iinyaniso engaguquki. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ezintlanganweni yoviwo, unga:

• ukuze ufumane ubungqina eziyimfuneko;
• ukwenza inkundla ukuba athandabuze ukuba ubungqina ekwakusenziwa naye udliwano-;
• ukwenza inkundla ngokuthandabuza ukuthembeka yobungqina, ngamanye amazwi, ukuba "ukunyelisa" kuye;
• usebenzisa ubungqina ukuxhasa okanye buthathaka indawo namanye amangqina.

Ukuba yenkqubo yesicwangciso, igqwetha uyazi ukuba akukho nto yodlula emnqamlezweni-yoviwo, kungcono ukuba ashiye kuyo.

Iimfuno kwimibuzo ebuzwa

Kuyimfuneko ukubalaselisa umahluko esisiseko kwi Amaqhinga cross-uviwo iinkqubo zomthetho Russian Anglo-Saxon. Kwi-US, ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa imibuzo ephambili cross-iimviwo (xa ubomi, phezu koko, akuvumelekanga). Avumela igqwetha ukuba baqwalasele enkundleni kunye ngelithi ulwazi kakuhle ukuziphendulela. ERashiya, h. 1 tbsp. 275 Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-lubonisa ngokucacileyo inadmissibility imibuzo ekhokelela kwi ngemibuzo ummangalelwa. Akuyi Akuvunyelwe ukubuza amangqina abo, iingcali kunye namaxhoba abo imibuzo ngendlela emiselwe Art. 278, 278,1 no 282 lomGaqo weNkqubo yoLwaphulo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba inkcazelo umbuzo ephambili kumthetho Russian nazo mayicaciswe gca. Xa kusenziwa kwezomthetho kunye noncwadi ezikhethekileyo kukho imixube ezahlukeneyo kolu luvo. Uhlalutyo yokwenza egwebayo kubonisa ukuba kuya kubakho imibuzo, leyo iza kucacisa izigqibo ingcali okanye ukuphinda iimpendulo kwimibuzo ngaphambili. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwahlula phakathi imibuzo phambili ngokuthi ekucaciseni.

Phezu kwalo lonke, iimfuno jikelele noqulunqo lwemibuzo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Kufuneka lifutshane ecacileyo, ngaphandle nangakuphi na ukungaqondakali;
• imibuzo kufuneka wabuza ngqo, kunokuba ngokungangqalanga;
• kufuneka sime impendulo egcwele;
• amazwi lo mbuzo kufuneka ne kwinqanaba ekwakusenziwa naye udliwano-;
• iimpendulo kufuneka ukuba isekelwe kuqikelelo.

Imigaqo ngokubanzi igqwetha kokuphekwa

Yonke igqwetha imibuzo ebuzwa kuyimfuneko ukusebenza ekulungiseleleni ukunika impembelelo olifunayo kwi enkundleni.

Ngexesha lokuthethwa kwetyala, akukho mfuneko ukusebenzisa amagama ezikhethekileyo. amangqina Umenyiwe neengcali kufuneka kwakhona ukuphepha amagama zobugcisa kakhulu kubo isibonisa ngokucacileyo enkundleni kunye labagwebi.

Iingxelo ibalulekileyo kufuneka kwenziwe ekuqaleni okanye kugqitywe inyathelo lokulungisa undonakele.

Ukuba kule khosi lomnqamlezo-yoviwo yi igqwetha kwabakho imfuneko yokuba abuze ingqina umbuzo, sele senziwe ngomhla uviwo ngqo, kufuneka kuqala afune imvume evela Ijaji.

Ngexesha ngemibuzo, igqwetha Ungabuza kuphela imibuzo kodwa hayi ukuphawula okanye avavanye ulwazi. uluvo lwabo uvavanyo nomkhuseli ungenza kwintetho yakhe, ngokungqinelana kwisitanza. 292 Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo.

Ulandelelwano lokubamba iimviwo ngqo ngu isiluleko

Ukwahlula iimpawu ligqwetha yokuziphatha ngqo kunye cross-yoviwo. Ne zokwakha eyiyo loviwo ngqo, inkundla kufuneka zibe nomfanekiso ocacileyo lika-iziganeko.

Kulo mzekelo, igqwetha mabangahlulwa imiba ibe ngamalungu 4. Ekuqaleni, kukho ukuchongwa okanye uqinisekiso kwengqina okanye ingcali, oko kukuthi, wabeka inkcazelo yakhe yobuqu (indawo yokuhlala, indawo yomsebenzi, iziqinisekiso abaqeqeshiweyo).

Emva koko ke igqwetha abuze imibuzo ukucacisa indawo yemisebenzi, ixesha kunye Ke kaloku kwathi, zingqina. Ngeempendulo ndlebe naye utyhila ulwazi lakhe kunye nobuchule. Umsebenzi igqwetha - Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka ingqina inkundla kunye labagwebi.

Ngapha koko kukho ezibonisa ukulandelelana kweziganeko. Azisoloko ngokulandelelana kwazo. iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ezinkulu iimpahla iinkolelo anyamezele ekuqaleni okanye ekupheleni yesingqino.

Ekugqibeleni, bagqibe ukubhala uviwo ngqo imibuzo emithathu okanye emine, eshwankathela zonke ubungqina kwingqina okanye ingcali.

Imfuneko yokuba cross-zoviwo

Ngokumalunga kwinwele-iimviwo enkundleni, igqwetha kwindawo yokuqala kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukuba iyafuneka onke.

Ukuba ubungqina ingqina baba ingabalulekanga yaye abazange kakubi iimfuno ummangalelwa ukusuka cross-loviwo kufuneka zilahlwe. Kulo mzekelo, ubungqina emitsha kubi kuphela meko.

Cross yokuzivavanya uyagwetyelwa kuphela xa ingqina uyakwazi ukunika ulwazi olongezelelweyo ebalulekileyo. Xa kungenzeka likhona ukuba ubungqina ukukwenza okuhle ngaphezu yingozi.

Iindlela ukuphumeza iinjongo cross-zoviwo

Ukujongela phantsi ukuthembeka wenkundla nakubungqina okanye ingcali, igqwetha Ungasebenzisa ezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• eyafunyanwa ubungqina ubaxo okanye ubugqwetha, limphikisa nobunye ubungqina kwityala;
• ukwenza inkundla ukuba athandabuze ukuba ukuthembeka yobungqina, iziqinisekiso nobungcali ingcali;
• ukubonisa lulungiselele okanye ukunqongophala logic izibakala enikwe yesingqino;
• zinyanzela inkundla ukuzibuza ukuba ubungqina uyakwazi ukunika ubungqina njongo kwi izibakala ezifanelekileyo;
• ukubonisa ukuba ingcali akazange abe ubungqina kunye nezinto zokwenza iingqikelelo eyaneleyo.

Iindlela liqhuba umnqamlezo-yoviwo

umkhuba olubanzi Western ucime iindlela ezininzi lomnqamlezo-yoviwo. Nazi ezinye zazo:

• Ukunyelisa igqwetha ubungqina bukaThixo lugxininisa ukuba ndlebe engeva size sibone oko ukhomba yesingqino. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba kude kakhulu kwindawo obokuyo zeziganeko, zokukhanya awonelanga, endleleni kukho imiqobo, njalo-njalo. D.
• Enye indlela - ugxininisa ubungqina iinkcukacha ezincinane neenkumbulo ukuze ubonise indlela izinto ezininzi wenza ubungqina ngexesha elifutshane ngexesha seziganeko ezichazwe. Injongo imibuzo - ukuzisa inkundla bagqiba ukuba ubungqina ayikwazanga ukukhumbula iinkcukacha eziphambili kangangexesha elithile. Umzekelo, ixhoba ukuphanga evenkileni akazange abe ixesha ingqalelo ubuso umhlaseli, njengoko ngeli xesha amehlo akhe yayijoliswe izixhobo, iimpahla okanye izinto ezixabisekileyo.
• Ukuba le meko kuchazwa kudala, igqwetha onokuthandabuza yesingqino, njengoko kukuhamba kwexesha, abantu badla awukhumbuli ngqo baye phi, nini kwaye endothi, ukuba ngaba ndizixhalabise isiganeko esingaqhelekanga (lomtshato, wokuzalwa).
• Ngamanye amaxesha igqwetha ungadlala yokuba ubungqina uphambene okanye abanomdla kwinkqubo iziphumo.
• Ukuba ukuqotywa ingqina kungqina eyahlukileyo kuleyo ukuba wanikela ngexesha lophando lokuqala, igqwetha ukuze ukubiza umbuzo ndaba zabo.

I Bar Council

Classic F. L. Vellman kwincwadi yakhe unika iingcebiso kulandelayo amagqwetha ukuqhuba umnqamlezo-uviwo:

• uqaphele inkqubela koviwo ngqo kwaye ukhangele "ubuthathaka" ubungqina kumntu ngemibuzo;
• yokuzibonakalisa endaweni ukugweba ngobulungisa ngalo lonke ixesha lo mbuzo ucelwa ukuba ukujonga imeko ngenxa emehlweni abo;
• ukubuza imibuzo kuphela injongo ethile, ukuze yona imibuzo ezingenanto, kuba imibuzo ebuzwa mandundu bokuhamba ngaphezu ezilahlekileyo;
• nanini nombono amazwi ingqina - lunciphisa ukuthembakala igqwetha emehlweni wenkundla kunye abakwa;
• akugxininisi ezingangqinelaniyo engephi ubungqina ingqina ngubani na ubungqina imincili yokuba imibuzo okanye inkumbulo embi;
• bakucele imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngaphandle kumhlaba pre-ukulungele ukubeka phambi isibakala ekwakusenziwa naye udliwano-nako asinakuyikhanyela loo nto;
• ukubuza umbuzo kuphela ukuba igqwetha ngokwakhe uyayazi impendulo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule ezintlanganweni uviwo inokuba sisixhobo igqwetha isigqibo kwiinkqubo enkundleni.