Hepatitis A - Yintoni na kwesi sifo ndinaso? Iimpawu, unyango kunye nothintelo sohlobo A

Wonke umntu ufuna ukuba ube sempilweni. Noko ke, okubuhlungu kukuba, akukho namnye kuthi abazange ukuphatha siphephe izifo. Ke umntu lowo kanye yazibeka "ukumkani indalo", oko kakhulu sesichengeni izinto eziphilileyo lincinci kwiplanethi yethu - ezahlukeneyo kwiintsholongwane.

Enye inqwaba yabo, ayingozi ebantwini, i-arhente causative esi sifo ezifana IHepatitis A. "Yintoni na kwesi sifo ndinaso?" - eniyicelayo. Abantu abaqhelekileyo yaziwa ngokuba sisifo esosulelayo, okanye senyongo. Eli nqaku liza kuxubusha ngesi sifo, ngokukodwa, kufuneke ntsholongwane ngokwayo-pathogen, njani na ufumana oko yayingako imiqondiso kunye neempawu kufuneka afumane ukuqapha bafune iingcebiso lonyango, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba balwe ngayo ngempumelelo.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga nesifo. Yintoni hepatitis A?

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, i-arhente causative ye senyongo na enterovirus, nto leyo intsholongwane kunye iqokobhe acid-resistant, abawuthobeli kokusingqongileyo etshabalalisayo esiswini. Yena akukho nzima kunye, umz, kunye nemifuno ezingahlanjwanga, iziqhamo okanye amanzi angcolile Kwathi ukukhusela asidi medium esiswini kwaye ethunjini, intsholongwane ebangela yenethiwekhi izifo. Kuba abo ukuqonda kancinane (okanye akukho namnye) kwezifo ezifana hepatitis A, yintoni na yaye isasazeka njani, azise: Le pathogen umntu okukwazi ongqingqwa bume emanzini, nto leyo edla kudale nangokusulela kwayo ndinobo ulwelo. Kukho kwakhona iindaba ezilungileyo: intsholongwane immunogenicity liphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo inegalelo ukuba okukwazi ubomi obude izinzile emva sifo.

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Statistics engakhethi buso, uthi, nangona abanye Andazi nokuba yintoni na hepatitis A, yintoni na le sifo usuleleko iqhelekileyo phakathi kwabo yingozi empilweni yabantu. Kumazwe ukuba ezaziwa kwimozulu elithatha kunye kweemeko ezingaginyisi nesempilweni, izehlo uhlobo hepatitis A iphezulu kakhulu. Ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, kumazwe Central Asia lumalunga ne-100% yabantu umntwana perebolevaet le usulelo. Kumazwe aseMpuma Yurophu, izinga losulelo senyongo ngu-1: 400, oko kukuthi, umzekelo, bonke abantu unyaka 100 000 phandle phaya ugule 250.

Kakade ke, wonk 'ufuna ukunqanda ukusuleleka, ingakumbi ezifana ihepatitis A. njani na intsholongwane ebangela loo nto? Nge Amathuba aphezulu ngayo lokugula ngexesha bezipholele kumazwe ashushu, kuquka iindawo ozithandayo zokuzonwabisa kunye nokhenketho. amazwe Afrika, kuquka Tunisia neYiputa, amazwe Asia kunye neziqithi, ezinye zazo ethandwayo phakathi baseRashiya, Turkey ne India, kwakunye South-East and Central Asia. Kukho ingozi yosulelo ngexesha uhambo kumazwe South American ibekwe kwi zeCaribbean.

Iindlela kunye ezisebenza losuleleko kunye nophuhliso

Okuphoxayo kukuba, nkqu siyeka imida yelizwe lethu, ungakwazi ngokulula uchole ihepatitis A. Njengokuba kubhaliwe ezidluliselwa kwimeko enjalo? arhente ezisulelayo kuba phezu kwamanzi iziqhamo kunye nemifuno. Ngoko ke, phambi kokuba adle kuyo, qho mandatory indlela ubahlambe ngaphantsi iyoma kwamanzi kunye ubhambatha. Ngoko ke, nangona encinane, kodwa isiqinisekiso ukuba uza kugula ngokutya apile okanye yetumato. Ukuba ubuthathaka ngenxa kwaselwandle, ngoko uzithenge entsha okanye engumkhenkce, khumbula: phambi kwakho usiya itafile yakho, kufuneka baye kufumana unyango thermal apho kufa zonke kwiintsholongwane, eziphezu komhlaba.

Lo mthombo uphambili kwesibindi A - indoda, yathatha intsholongwane egula senyongo. Ekunye ilindle bakhe okusingqongileyo kukho inani elikhulu iintsholongwane, engunobangela siqhubeka ezigidi.

Ukuba umntu ukuthobela eyamkelekileyo imigaqo yococeko, liyigqibele amanzi abosulelekileyo kunye nokutya (ngakumbi ngayo unxulumene kwaselwandle thermally kakuhle phambili), intsholongwane kusichukumisa ukuya emathunjini, uze emva koko ukusivumela egazini kunye nalo engena isibindi kwaye luyaqaliswa kwi hepatocytes - it iiseli.

Veliswa kwamasuntswana Intsholongwane xa kukho icytoplasm iiseli zesibindi, ishiya baza bangena bile duct, baya kuwa kunye inyongo ethunjini lomguli.

Kuqalile esibindini nangokurhala, okukhokelela ukonakalisa okanye ukutshatyalaliswa hepatocytes - iiseli ayo ngumzimba ngokwendalo. T-lymphocyte iiseli zamajoni omzimba zabantu kuhlasela iiseli kwesibindi, awalibethayo intsholongwane eqaphela. Ngenxa yoko, le hepatocytes sifo kufa, ephazamisa eqhelekileyo yokusebenza isibindi nokuphuhlisa ihepatitis A. Njengoko esi sifo sisasazwa, sathetha ngayo ngaphambili.

Amathuba osulelo

Kumazwe asakhasayo, apho amanqanaba asezantsi zombini uphuhliso loqoqosho nentlalo, senyongo - okokuqala zonke izifo ebuntwaneni. Uninzi lwabantwana kula mazwe perebolevaet yona kweminyaka engama-10 yaye iqokelela amandla okukwazi nobungqina yobomi sifo.

Ngokutsho izifundo epidemiological, iifomu ibonakale, lowo nenyongo, ukuba hepatitis A, iimpawu ziye zivele ngoku anqabe kakhulu. Kwaya eqhelekileyo ngakumbi wosulelo kwifomu anicteric ebizwa ngokuba apho kube nzima ukufumanisa isifo.

Abahlali kumazwe ekuthiwa senyongo, kungekuphela nje "isifo wezandla ezimdaka". Ithuba losulelo esezantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ibe lula umsebenzi ophezulu ezikumgangatho lwezindlu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu kunye nenkcubeko eliphezulu labemi. Kulo mba, inkoliso yabantu ayikho umzimba antibodies usuleleko, nto leyo eyenza ingozi yosulelo iphezulu kakhulu.

Kwanabo bangamaziyo ngale sifo, ezifana hepatitis A, nokuba isasazeka njani, anayo ukususela ekusulelekeni, ukuba uye kuphumla kunye nomsebenzi kumazwe efudumeleyo Afrika Asia, lungangqinelani kunye nemithetho eyamkelekileyo yezempilo.

Ukuba ufuna ukufumana ngaphandle amathuba kunye neqondo lomngcipheko ukuba uyagula, kunye ukusombulula imbambano ngokuqaliswa sokugonya, kufuneka uvavanyo yegazi ibhaqa antibodies kohlobo A intsholongwane - immunoglobulin G (anti - hav IgG). Ukuba isiphumo ibonisa ubukho babo biomaterial, ukuba umntu omzimba ukuba le ntsholongwane, amathuba osulelo ngu zero, kwaye ayifuneki ugonyo. Ukuba omzimba asizifumani, kukho ingozi yokuba nesifo senyongo. Ukuze uphephe oku, kufuneka agonywe.

Ngubani na isengozini?

Epidemiologists amaqela amaninzi abantu abaye hepatitis B ukuba unesifo ngezinga eliphezulu lilonke A. Yintoni onika? Ukuba ucinga ukuba nayiphi na kula maqela alandelayo, kuyacetyiswa kakhulu ukuba zihlolelwe ubukho antibodies intsholongwane kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, agonywe. Olu luhlu luquka:

• amalungu osapho kunye nentsapho onesibetho uhlobo hepatitis A;
• abantu abangena nezigulane kubudlelwane obusondeleyo;
• abantu (ingakumbi abantwana) abahlala kwimimandla apho hepatitis A kuxhaphake;
• Abantu zithunyelwa kumazwe kunye kumgangatho ophezulu lezifo;
• amadoda abe neentlobano zesini lobufanasini.

Xa indlu igula. Iimpendulo imibuzo eqhelekileyo

Abantu ongayiqondiyo ngokupheleleyo ezi nkcukacha ze kusulelo enjalo, ezifana hepatitis A, ukuba esi sifo sisasazwa nendlela, maxa wambi kukho imiba ekufuneka uphendulwe kweli nqaku. Okubuhlungu ezi ngxaki, xa ilungu lentsapho igula kunye senyongo.

Okokuqala kakhulu abachaphazelekayo lo mbuzo: Ngaba kunokwenzeka wadibana nomntu owosulelekileyo akukho sifo? Kakade ke, Ewe, ukuba bathobele imithetho eyamkelekileyo yezempilo. Kodwa simele sikhumbule ukuba ukudibana nomntwana egulayo Kulungile Makuboniswe ubuncinane, kwaye kuhle ukuba ayeke de awusenayo.

Umba yesibini ebalulekileyo ekhathaza kungenzeka lesi sifo ngaphandle senyongo ngayo. Kulo mzekelo, umntu agule kuphela xa lwakhe ugonyo nxamnye hepatitis A kunye kwinqanaba lezibulala ngegazi lakhe kwanele ukuba ulwe usulelo. Ukuba antibodies egazini azikho langoku, kodwa esi sifo siye wangena kuyo, ngoko abantu baya entla ugula.

Ukuze kwixesha elifutshane ukukhusela kusulelo kunokwenzeka okanye ukuthintela ukunwenwa kwesifo kwimeko losulelo, iintsuku umntu nje phambi kokuba usulelo kunokwenzeka, okanye ezili-14 emva kokuba yaqalisa ukulungiselela okhethekileyo - immunoglobulin. Loo umlinganiselo nga kuqwalaselwa kuphela njengendlela unyango, kodwa nje nokuthintela kohlobo A. Ukuba kanye angawonakalisa, ngoko amathuba ngokutsha uyidlulisele okungenamsebenzi.

Njengokuba nditshilo ngaphambili, ukuba ukuchonga izilwa kwi indlela analysis igazi ubukho immunoglobulin G (anti-hav IgG). phambi kwabo uthetha usuleleko yabantu okanye ugonyo. Kukhuthazwa uphando onke amalungu entsapho, apho kukho umntu osulelekileyo, kuba ubukho immunoglobulin egazini, kwaye izitofu xa kuyimfuneko.

Kakade ke, asimele silibale imithetho eziziziqalelo yezempilo: uhlambe izandla ngesepha emva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese, emva ukukhathalela abantwana abancinane, phambi kokulungisa ukutya okanye ukutya.

Imiphumo losulelo kunye nesifo ubude

Ukuba igazi lomntu, eziinzi, wavuka hepatitis A ntsholongwane, kuya entla ugula kunye senyongo. Noko ke, ukuba ukufumanisa ngokuchanileyo ixesha losulelo kunzima, ukuba bhubhane, zibangelwa, umzekelo, ingozi kwi networks kwelindle.

Le okuthatha malunga ngenyanga ukususela kumhla kungcoliseko isityholo, kwaye ke iqala ukubonisa iimpawu sohlobo A, apho unako ukubona engumshumayeli: nangecesina, ukuqunjelwa (isisu ukungathobeli of ukusebenza oqhelekileyo), kombala ulusu.

Emva imbonakalo senyongo na kuphuculo imeko jikelele kunye karhulumente yomguli ayijonga ngayo impilo. , Kwiiveki 3-6, yaye ngamanye amaxesha elide Wayibamba, yaye emva yokuduka inkoliso yabantu kuphila. photo olandelayo yenzelwe abo akukho namnye oza ubuso ngobuso kunye izifo ezifana kohlobo A. ntoni na? Photo ubonisa ngokucacileyo, kukhangeleka ngathi umntu ogulayo kakhulu eluswini kuthelekiswa isikhumba ukuba bosulelwe yi-senyongo.

Abaninzi baxhalabile malunga neengozi sifo kwabo okanye abanye abantu. Nokugqithisela hepatitis abantwana inzima ngaphantsi kunyaka-1 zabantu abadala kunye nabantu abadala. Usuleleko yokugqibela kudla kunye ukunxila ngokukhawuleza kwaye senyongo, kunye nexesha laso phezu avareji yeenyanga ezintathu.

Kwiimeko ezininzi umntu unesifo kancinane nje ngenyanga - iintsuku ezingama-40. Kodwa ke ubude sifo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ubudala kwisigulana, urhulumente kwezifo omzimba ezihlobene (ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwabo). A indima ebaluleke kakhulu idlalwa ngozalisekiso ecacileyo iingcebiso kunye izabelo ziya kunikwa ngugqirha wakho. Ngowe-15% oluntu zithi uhlobo ezingapheliyo kwesibindi, elinokuthatha ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-6 ukuya ku-9.

Ukwazi ukuba siya kufa kunye self-unyango

An mbuzo umdla malunga nokwenzeka ukufa kwi sifo. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba oku akunakwenzeka, ukucinga, "eyingozi hepatitis A? Yintoni na? Senyongo? Ayinabungozi ntli, "Eneneni, ezibulalayo nesi sifo - lwepaki, kodwa kunokwenzeka, ukuba usuleleko kwenzeka (umbane) ifomu fulminant kulo. Kule meko kukho uphuhliso ngokukhawuleza ngayo necrosis etsolo hepatic okuhambisana sisibindi.

Iinkcukacha-manani zibonisa ukuba hepatitis A ziyabulala ngo-0.1% yabantu umntwana, 0.3% yokufa ukusuka wosulelo abafikisayo kunye nabantu abadala abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40 ubudala yaye sele 2.1% - abo kwama-40.

Amaxesha amaninzi, izigulane kunye neentsapho zabo ukubuza malunga namathuba isigulane self-ephilisa ngaphandle unyango. Kwiimeko ezininzi, yonke into yenzeka kanye kuba unyango ngoku hayi ajoliswe into okulwa intsholongwane. Hayi abantu isimanga abayaziyo nkcukacha lwezifo ezifana hepatitis A, nokuba isasazeka njani, unyango ejolise kukususa ukusuka umzimba izinto eziyingozi, nto leyo ebangelwa umonakalo kunye ukuphazamiseka komsebenzi zesibindi. Umzabalazo ne usulelo kwityala enjalo kwamagxa amajoni omzimba yesigulana.

Imiqondiso neempawu ze-sifo, ixesha kwazo, ihlaziya

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, ke iimpawu zokuqala, nto leyo ingakrokreleka ubukho yentsholongwane emzimbeni womntu, kubonakala emva kweentsuku ezingama-30, nangona eli xesha ingahluka iintsuku ezili-15 ukuya ku-50.

Imiqondiso yokuqala ekufuneka tufwile, le ukonakala imeko jikelele, ifiva, kunye notshintsho okubonakalayo Umchamo umbala. Ngamanye amaxesha emva kokusebenzisa abantu yangasese musa ukuqonda ukuba kwenzeka ntoni titoloveta yakhe, engazi, kodwa bengazi kwi-hepatitis A, oko. Amafoto enemibala umchamo, eboniswe ngezantsi, yinto umzekelo ocacileyo indlela ozijonga isigulana yabantu. Njengoko ubona, nto ikhumbuza agaye ngamandla iti emnyama sewayini kakhulu.

Ukuba naliphi na le miqondiso imfuneko engxamisekileyo ukubona yincutshe. Khumbula ukuba, kuphela ugqirha uyakwazi ukubona ukuba isigulana okunene ihepatitis A. ntoni na? Iimpawu kulo mzekelo athethe ngokwabo: icesina ohamba syndrome dyspeptic (isicaphucaphu, imvakalelo ubunzima hypochondrium ekunene kwaye isisu, ukugabha), ubuthathaka, umchamo ebumnyameni, apho thina okhankanywe ngaphambili, senyongo (yellowing le sclera, ulusu, esitulweni umbala ). Xa kukho kutshanje, kuye kubekho ukuphucuka okungephi nemeko ngokubanzi kunye karhulumente yomguli ayijonga ngayo impilo. Ngokufanayo wabonakalaliswa hepatitis etsolo, kunye nezinye iintlobo.

Ukuchonga isigulana sohlobo C ntsholongwane egazini ingqalelo kwaye ahlole biomaterial ibonisa ubukho omzimba, kwakucingwa ukuba iklasi immunoglobulin M (anti - hav IgM). Bangakwazi ukubona kuphela ngexesha kokuwela (ngethuba zale sifo), ukuphuculwa isigulane kwi umxholo igazi labo liya asezantsi.

Inkqubo loxilongo

Into yokuqala iba elucidation zembali epidemiological kule nkqubo, nto leyo eza kuvumela, okanye ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuphika ihepatitis A. Kuthetha ukuthini? Ugqirha ifumana oko kubeka abantu batyelela kutsha nje kwixa elidlulileyo, Luluphi olona hlobo lokutya kunye namanzi bagqitywe, ukuba abafowunelwa ababesifa kunye senyongo.

Emva koko ugqirha emini uhlolisisa ngocoselelo isigulane, yathi:

• impilo jikelele kunye kwimeko yomguli, iimpawu kunokwenzeka kunxilwe;
• ubukho esiswini - ukuqunjelwa;
• kukho ubushushu bomzimba ephakamileyo - fever, umbilo, kuthibaza;
• ubukho senyongo ulusu, ulwimi, amehlo.

Ngaloo ndlela Kubonakala ngathi nesikhumba somntu, kwafunyaniswa ukuba hepatitis A, nto leyo lo mfanekiso ungezantsi ubonisa.

Ukongeza konke oku kungentla, ugqirha ezihloliweyo iwonga onke amalungu kunye neenkqubo ze isigulane ngokweendlela eqhelekileyo loxilongo lwangaphakathi, ibhiyozelwa umbala umchamo kunye njengesihlalo malunga nesigulane eso. Ngokucofa (Ngokucofa) of esiswini zinokufunyanwa ukwandisa esibindini.

Emva koko, sifunda iziphumo zovavanyo, ezibandakanya:

• Kla - epheleleyo wegazi;
• BAC - chemistry igazi;
• kaogulogramma - uvavanyo igazi coagulation layo;
• OAM - urinalysis.

Ukuba igazi ukutyhilelwe antibodies hepatitis A (anti - hav IgM), nto leyo sikhatshwa utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwendlela kwiimvavanyo umsebenzi kwesibindi, lokufunyaniswa "hepatitis A" kuqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo.

Treatment kunye abane emva recovery

Kule iindawo ongaphambili sithetha ngento i-hepatitis A, oko. Indlela ukuluphatha - yiloo umba ophambili exhalabisa bonke abo wahlangana naye. Ukuba sifo kwi ngobulali ukongamela ifomu, umzimba uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana usuleleko, ivaleleke ngaphakathi kuyo. Eyona njongo ephambili yale unyango kulo mzekelo - ukunciphisa yoxinaniso ityhefu kunye nokubonelela imifanekiso iiseli zesibindi sokubuyisela kunye namandla awo. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo unyango uba zokuwusebenzisa dezitoksikatsionnyh izisombululo, iswekile, iivithamini kunye hepatic (iziyobisi ezikhusela iiseli kwesibindi). Kwenza akukho unyango antiviral. Ukuba isifo inzima, ingqalelo enkulu unikwa, kunye dezintoksatsionnoy, kunye nonyango nomqondiso.

Iindlela ngentla zezona eziphambili ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kunye, ezi nyango ezimbini kunceda ekunciphiseni ubungozi leyo kwenzeka ngenxa yomonakalo kwesibindi, ubuthi igazi ukuxutywa kunye nokususwa kwezinto ezinobungozi, ukuphelisa iimpawu zesifo. Konke oku kukhokelela ekuphuculweni nemeko ngokubanzi kunye karhulumente yomguli ayijonga ngayo impilo.

Ngexesha ukuhluleka kufuneka unamathele ukutya №5 yi Pevsner. Esi sixa elikhulu imifuno, iziqhamo, okuziinkozo, inyama ibhityile, intlanzi, cottage isonka samasi, iqanda emhlophe, soy, ama-apile, enika izihlunu zomzimba, izinto lipotropic, pectin. Kwakhona ziboniswa ukusetyenziswa oluninzi ukuthotyelwa fluid kunye epheleleyo kunye nabanye ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni.

Abazali abaninzi abazi ukuba bangazinyanga njani umntwana wabo xa kuthe losulelo, nangona eziqhelekileyo, kwaye maxa wambi kungekhona ngondiva, nezifo ezifana hepatitis A, yintoni na yaye idluliselwa njani. Bantwana, njengoko nditshilo ngaphambili, esi sifo kuba kakhulu ngakumbi kunokuba abadala. Nangona qhinga ngonyango kwizigulana nayiphi na ubudala iyafana, sicebisa ngamandla nangokujonga wabantwana abahlola umntwana kwaye amisele amayeza ezinceda ukulwa ngempumelelo isifo kwaye ukulimaza ngakumbi.

Emva alulame, oogqirha zikholisa ukunika uqikelelo kakhulu, njengoko eqhelekileyo yokusebenza isibindi ubuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukukhuselwa izifo: ugonyo kunye nokusebenza kwayo

Ngaphambili nto besithetha ngayo yintsholongwane ebangela isifo ezifana hepatitis A, yintoni na le wosuleleko idluliselwa nokuba inyangwa njani. Lifikile ixesha lokuba uthethe ngendlela ukunqanda oko.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuthintela usulelo na kogonyo yaye wadala abaliqela izitofu esebenzayo zibe kumgangatho ekunene ukukhusela ngokuchasene nesifo senyongo.

Loo ugonyo - akukho nto kodwa kwesibindi virus ezifileyo immunogenicity eliphezulu. Oku kulawulwa kabini, kwaye lekhefu phakathi sihlume yokuqala neyesibini sivela kwiinyanga ezi-6 ukuya ku-12.

Abantu abaninzi emva kwedosi yokuqala wakhululwa emva malunga neentsuku ezili-14, kubonakala izilwa-buhlungu, alungela idabi intsholongwane. Le ndlela - yi kude kakhulu kakuhle kwaye mhlawumbi kuphela kuthintelo sohlobo A.

Ulawulo lokugonya lukwakhuthaza imveliso oluninzi lomzimba enikezela ukhuseleko kusulelo abantwana kunye nabantu abadala. Isiphumo lokugonya ithatha kwiminyaka emi-6 ukuya kweli-10.

Oku kubonisa ugonyo?

Ugonyo nxamnye senyongo kufuneka compulsorily wenza ukuba abantu abangazange ngaphambili ubunzima ukusuka uhlobo hepatitis A - abantu abadala kunye nabantwana, ngokunjalo abo basengozini enkulu yosulelo.

Phakathi kwabo:

• abasebenzi zomkhosi kunye nabakhenkethi abo uhambela kweendawo izehlo eliphezulu sohlobo A;
• nobusi. kubasebenzi abasebenza kwiiwadi esosulelayo;
• Abantu abasebenza kumaziko ononophelo emini;
• abaqeshwa zokudlela, zokutyela kunye namanzi.

amaxwebhu Regulatory ziquka ugonyo abantwana abahlala kwindawo apho kukho izehlo eliphezulu. Baya ekuqaleni ukuba alawule sokugonya, ukususela kwiminyaka engama-3. Kunyanzelekile ukuba agonywe kwaye izigulana kwizifo sesibindi.

Ngethemba, konke oku kulapha ngentla ziya kunceda abo baye baba amashwa ukuba ugula, ulwe usulelo, kunye nabo olu hlaselo de pass, wenze isigqibo esifanelekileyo ngendlela ngexesha ukuze bazikhusele kuyo. Hlala uphilile!