Ekuboneni Best (incwadi): isishwankathelo, iimpawu, ncomo

Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele le ncwadi intle uhlobo dystopian, malunga imixholo yawo, yaye ukuqonda ukuba kutheni encwadini yalo ngohlobo onke amaxesha ukuba abafundi umdla wokwenene, emva imvelaphi kwikota.

Yintoni i "anti-nepaki '?

kuye kwabonakala Igama elithi "anti-utopia" kwi ncwadi njengoko malunga epheleleyo yemisebenzi ezibhaliweyo uhlobo nepaki. Umbhali yokuqala owanikela sisiqalo intshukumo yonke zoncwadi, yaba sobulumko IsiNgesi Thomas More. Qala uhlobo wenza ukubonisa nephupha of "Utopia" inoveli yakhe (1516). Eneneni, inkoliso yemisebenzi yakhe wabonisa uluntu ifanelekileyo apho bonke ndonwabile kunye ngoxolo. Igama eli hlabathi - a yigadi.

Ngokungafaniyo imisebenzi yakhe 'serene "yaqala ukubonakala umsebenzi ababhali, ebalisa kanye uluntu esahlukileyo, ilizwe okanye umhlaba. Kubo, urhulumente kuphela inkululeko yomntu, inkululeko yokucinga yaye ngokufuthi. Imisebenzi ebhaliweyo ngale ndlela, nabizelwa antiutopia.

Kwizichazi magama "ekuboneni" iphawulwa njenge lunengxaki nethemba, ukuba oko kungenangqiqo lomzabalazo inguqu, ukuba indispensability ububi lwentlalo. Science kungabonwa njengendlela yokusombulula iingxaki zehlabathi kunye nendlela yokwakha ezentlalo, kodwa njengendlela amakhoboka umntu.

Kunzima ukumisela ukuba ngowuphi na iincwadi kule uhlobo zezona zinto zithandwa ngenxa bezikhundla labo, njengoko umthetho, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi: lizwe kunye norhulumente, imiba yezentlalo kunye noqoqosho, ixesha kunye nobudala abafundi. Kakade ke, yedwa njengoko incwadi ilungileyo nepaki kunye ekuboneni wena wenze okuninzi ngemisebenzi yokuqala abhalwe kwezi ntlobo.

Imvelaphi ekuboneni

Indawo awazalelwa kuyo ngekota, kwakunye ochasene bayo, waba eNgilani. Ngowe-1848, i-sobulumko Dzhon Mill okokuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "antiutopist" njengoko uchasaniso "nephupha." Ngenxa uhlobo loncwadi, ibinzana elithi "anti-utopia" wazisa H. Negley kunye M. Patrick ngo "Xa Ukufuna Utopia 'yakhe (1952).

Uhlobo wachuma kakhulu ngaphambili. Kule eko, ngakumbi emva iimfazwe neziphithiphithi zehlabathi, iingcamango nephupha waqalisa ukusebenza. Akumangalisi ke, eli lizwe kuqala ukuqonda iingcamango ezinjalo waba yamaBolshevik Russia. Ukwakha uluntu elitsha iye yabangela umdla wokwenene oluntu yehlabathi, kwaye inkqubo entsha baba ufekethe ukuhlekisa imisebenzi IsiNgesi-lwimi. Ngoku hlala kumqolo wokuqala kuluhlu "ekuboneni Top", "Iincwadi zonke xesha":

• 1932 - "Abakhaliphileyo Yehlabathi Elitsha", Aldous Huxley.
• 1945 - "ifama noboya" George Orwell ..
• 1949 - "1984", George Orwell ..

Kwezi iinoveli, kunye kokukhatywa ubundlobongela zamaKomanisi, njengayo nayiphi na, kuba ibonakalisa ukudideka jikelele ukuya amathuba impucuko soulless. Le misebenzi baye bema uvavanyo ixesha njengoko eyona anti-nepaki. Iincwadi yale uhlobo kwemfuno ngoku. Ngoko ke yintoni imfihlelo ekuboneni?

Eli ekuboneni

Njengoko kubonakala ngentla apha, ekuboneni - a lumo ingcamango nephupha. Igxininisa ingozi ukuxubana "fiction" zentlalo izibakala. Oko kukuthi, ukuba bazobe umgca phakathi leyinene nangeyonyani. Le dystopias ukuba kunokukutyhila-ekuthiwa uluntu egqibeleleyo, wachaza ihlabathi engaphakathi umntu ohlala kulo eluntwini. iimvakalelo zakhe, iingcinga.

Kubonakala ukusuka 'ngaphakathi' ibonisa uhlobo kwalo mbutho, emabi yayo ngaphakathi ngaphandle. Kuqeqesho ujika ukuba uluntu ifanelekileyo ayikho bagqibelele ngaphandle kwethu. Ukuze siqonde indlela indoda eziqhelekileyo ngokuhlawula ukuba ulonwabo jikelele, kwaye ukhuthaze ekuboneni ilungileyo. Iincwadi zidla ezibhalwe ngababhali kabani into sifundo umphefumlo womntu, owahlukileyo iyingozi.

Ekuboneni ibonisa 'ihlabathi elitsha' ngaphakathi ngumntu ohlala kulo. Kuba enkulu, oomatshini soulless abantu karhulumente efana esinamazinyo. Yaye ngaxa lithile umntu ongenza iimvakalelo zabantu zendalo ezingekho esihambisanayo nale nkqubo ekhoyo, esekelwe iintsilelo, nezithintelo kunye ukubheka nomdla karhulumente.

Phakathi ngamnye umyalelo lwentlalo ungquzulwano. Ekuboneni ibonisa ukungavumelani ngezimvo nephupha kunye neemfuno zomntu ngamnye. Ibonisa engenangqondo kweeprojekthi nephupha. Ibonisa ngokucacileyo indlela egalitarianism ukulingana wamemezela kugcina; polity ngenkani igqiba ukuziphatha kwabantu; inkqubela zeteknoloji siguqule umntu kubuywa. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukubonisa kangangoko ekuboneni.

Works kwi uhlobo Utopia yalatha indlela eya kwimfezeko. Injongo ye-anti-utopia - ukubonisa engenangqondo ingcamango, ukuba alumkise ngeengozi elindele kule ndlela. Ekuqondeni iinkqubo zentlalo kunye ngokomoya, nokuhlalutya iimpazamo, ekuboneni ayenzelwanga ukukhanyela, kodwa ufuna ukuba akhombe zokuthatha kunye neziphumo iindlela ukuzoyisa kunokwenzeka.

best ekuboneni

Iincwadi ezandulela ukubonakala anti-utopia, yenzelwe ukubonisa oko kunokubangela izenzakalo eyothusayo ixesha lethu, nto leyo eyingenelo ngokugqithiseleyo. Ezi iinoveli zezi zilandelayo:

• 1871 - "The Race Coming", E. Bulwer-Lytton.
• 1890 - "Umhlathi NgokaKesare", uJ Donnelly.
• 1907 - "The Iron Heel", uJ London ..

Kule banesifo, kukho inani ngemisebenzi - izilumkiso ekuboneni ukuba walatha usongo zwilakhe:

• 1930 - "The lobuzwilakhe of uMnu Pargema" Wells.
• 1935 - "Thina oku akunakwenzeka," Lewis.
• 1936 - "War kunye cilikishe", K. Capek.

Oku kwakhona ziquka imveliso ngasentla kunye Huxley, Orwell. "Fahrenheit 451" (1953) ngu R. Bradbury igqalwa enye iinoveli eziphambili olu hlobo loncwadi.

Ngoko ke, umama ndicinge ukuba le ekuboneni. Iincwadi (uluhlu ezona zilungileyo, kuyaziwa ukuba ngawo onke amaxesha zibonwa lesibini namnye kwi-sikhokelo oku, siza kuxubusha ngokweenkcukacha ngezantsi), ezi nangoku kwemfuneko. Ngaphezu koko, namhlanje zininzi echaphazelekayo kunangaphambili. Yintoni ixabiso labo? Yintoni sokulumkisa ababhali zezi iinoveli?

Ukusuka classic owayephila

Story R. Bradbury "Fahrenheit 451", ngokungathandabuzekiyo, classic uhlobo anti-nephupha. INcwadi ngawo onke amaxesha. Umbhali, omnye embalwa, ulumkisa malunga isisongelo totalitarianism apha. Uluvo abafundi ukuba ushiye ingxelo imveliso, efanayo indlela kwangaphambili kakhulu ngumbhali. Yintoni ngoku eyenzekayo malunga Bradbury yaqikelela kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo. Yintoni na le bali, kwiminyaka emininzi ndingaphumi imigca yokuqala kuluhlu "ekuboneni Top"?

Iincwadi yale uhlobo ngokwenene ebhalwe "inkosi umfanekiso umphefumlo womntu." Bulunge zininzi bakwazi ukubonisa ihlabathi engaphakathi emntwini kwaye ikamva esikude ngelo xesha. Story "degrees 451" - a, incwadi kakuhle ebhaliweyo nesibindi kakhulu. Umbhali wazisa umfundi abantu abaqhelekileyo. Akungeni kungena endlwini esiqhelekileyo apho iindwendwe renounces ukuphila "oonokrwece" - unomathotholo okanye iindonga televizornymi waphila. Eqhelekileyo? Ukuba 'udonga televizornye "iguqulwe ukuba igama elithi" Internet nomabonakude ", sifumana yokwenene ngeenxa zonke kuthi.

Ihlabathi, ukutsalwa umbhali, imenyezele nayo yonke imibala yomnyama, ukuthululwa izithethi, iibhodi thayile kumathambeka imizobo multimeter esiqinileyo. Abahlobo indawo "izalamane 'ukusuka izikrini benomdla kwizinto kwaye idla lonke ixesha lakhe nanceba. ubuhle Environmental ixesha ngasekhohlo - amablom wokuqala kwentwasahlobo ilanga, kwelanga kunye ilanga, nkqu nabantwana babo.

Kodwa abantu abahlala phakathi izithethi beendonga, bonwabile. Kwaye ke iresiphi ntsako ilula: ziyafana. Abafuni ukuba ukuphila kuphela kwihlabathi ngamagumbi zabo zokuphila. Bona ingasafuneki. Bambalwa khumbula, bambalwa bacinga iintloko zabo kucocwe phindwe.

Iincwadi kweli hlabathi phantsi kokuvalwa umlomo. Igcina iincwadi - bezonxibelelwano bukhatshwa sisohlwayo. Apha atshiswe. Abacimi akwawusindisa ubomi, ukuba ukucima umlilo. Ukuba batshise iincwadi. Ngaloo ndlela ukutshabalalisa ubomi babantu. Enye Amaqhawe ibali, Umcimi Guy Montag, idibana kanye intombazana ngubani oyilawulayo ukuba "ngokushukumisa" sinalento, zivuse kuye ecinga ubomi obuqhelekileyo, kumaxabiso bokwenene ebantwini.

Orwell and inoveli yakhe

Imisebenzi ngalo umbhali zibonakaliswa njengemali eyona anti-nepaki. Iincwadi Orwell kaThixo "1984" kunye "iifama ezinoboya" zibonisa olukhulu ukuba abantu abakwaziyo ukucinga ngathi wonke umntu, ukuba ivalwa.

"1984" - a inoveli eyothusayo apho iNkampani iboniswe njenge inkqubo yileyo isekelwe kwi kubukhoboka ngokomoya nangokwenyama. Igcwele intiyo noloyiko. Le townsfolk weli hlabathi siphila phantsi kweliso elibukhali "umzalwana big". "Ministry of Wenyaniso" utshabalalisa imbali, silawula eziphi iinkalo atshabalalise nayiphi sisombululo okanye ushiye.

"Fefa", oko kukuthi, ukukhethwa kwezentlalo, kuqwalaselwa njengenxalenye kumatshini karhulumente. Umntu kubanjwa, ungakwazi ndimkhulule. Kwaye ukuba sabekwa engekhoyo. Ukuze ukuhlala kweli hlabathi akukho lula. Urhulumente ikhokela imfazwe, necacisa ukuba uluntu ukuba ukuze balungelwe bona. "Ihlabathi - oku imfazwe." zorhwebo Essential khona, ukutya - banikwe kulinganiswa.

emsebenzini ukuze kuxhamle uluntu, umsebenzi leba, umsebenzi ngokuzithandela, iiholide zikawonke Umothuko - Kuyaziwa kweli hlabathi. Inyathelo kude umthetho oqhelekileyo - kwaye le ndoda ingaphinda kuphila. "Inkululeko - na ubukhoboka." Iingcali abazibandakanya olungelulo ihlabathi nenzaliseko Orwellian. Unxunguphalo uhlaba maxwebhu, ngokufakelwa kwala izibakala. Yonke amanga, ubuvuvu. "Ukungazi - ngamandla."

Orwell enzima, kodwa oluqinile. Kakade ke, lo ekuboneni ilungileyo. Iincwadi zibhalwa kakuhle, ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya kwiphepha lokugqibela yongezwe ingcamango ngengqiqo. Umbhali iqhutywa neenjongo ezintle kuphela - ukuze alumkise uluntu nozipho lwentlalo. Bonisa ukuba ubundlobongela, inkohlakalo, ukhohlakale, bazola yoluntu kakuhle igunya elipheleleyo. Ekugqibeleni, bonwabile kuphela abo bahlala ngenxa zeqela. Kodwa ngokwenene amandla obethe umntu. Ubuyela kwi kwimeko yangaphambili. Ngisho okunye. amandla Absolute unako ukutshabalalisa abantu.

"Animal Farm"

Umsebenzi wesibini lo mbhali, igqalwa enye eyona anti-utopia - "Farm Animal" (igama yesibini - "Akubar ifama"). Apha umbhali uyasibonisa ukuba urhulumente, inkqubo yezopolitiko, okanye nayiphi na inkqubo. Kulo msebenzi, yena ngokucalula nokwahlula abantu ngokuthelekisa nabo kunye nezilwanyana.

Iigusha - spineless, abantu abaziziyatha abenza bathi kuphela oko baxelelwa. Abakwazi ukuba ucinga entlokweni yakhe, kwaye ukusukela koku zonke ezintsha waqonda njengento lula. Nembila - ukungabi nalwazi, elungileyo-natured, ukulungele ukusebenza ngenxa ingcamango imini nobusuku. Kwezi jikelele isekelwe. Izinja musani ukuyeka umsebenzi emdaka. msebenzi zazo eziphambili - ukuzalisekisa ukuthanda yomnini. Bakulungele ukukhonza omnye namhlanje, omnye ngomso, ukuba ukutya ekucebiseni komphefumlo.

Neengcwangu yasendle UNapoleon kwi kwinoveli George Orwell kaThixo ukuluqonda. Umuntu Abaxhobele ukuxhokonxa itrone kuyo nayiphi na indawo, ukuba kuphela kumisa phezu kwakhe ubambe nayiphi na indlela. Kuwa, apho umbhali unika kwinoveli njengoko nenkunzi, amadodana ukuba Azazele. Umntu onjalo efanelekileyo naliphi na igunya - nasiphako, tumbuluxeke na peccadillo. Nayo yonke gilt umcebi kucacile - iyakwazi ukwenza black white vice versa. lixoki ezikholisayo neciko emangalisayo, litshintsha izibakala igama elinye kuphela.

Satirical, umzekeliso ezifundisayo, leyo ikufuphi neengxaki zobomi. Democracy, lobukhosi, olobusoshiyali, ubukomanisi - yintoni umahluko. Nangona amandla kuza abantu, eliphantsi iminqweno yakhe inhliziyo yakho, akunamsebenzi nokuba yintoni ilizwe noko umyalelo, uluntu akaboni nto elungileyo. Kuxhamle abantu - nomlawuli befanelekile.

kwihlabathi elitsha

Xa inoveli Aldous Huxley kaThixo "Abakhaliphileyo Yehlabathi Elitsha" akukho nto imbi kangaka njengoko ku Orwell. umhlaba wakhe isekelwe kwi imeko kakhulu ehlabathini, enezakhiwo technocracy. Ukushiya ugcino omncinane, wanjalo disadvantageous ngokwezoqoqosho, njengoko zolondolozo. Ibiya kuthetha ukuba yonke into uzinzile nechanekileyo. Kodwa akukho.

Abantu ehlabathini zahlulwe iindidi: Alpha benza umsebenzi yengqondo - oku kwibakala lokuqala, Alpha-Plus kwizikhundla zobunkokeli, alpha-bendlela - abantu isikhundla ngaphantsi. Beta - alpha ababhinqileyo. Beta-pluses kunye minuses, ngokulandelelana, ezikrelekrele yaye ziziziyatha ngakumbi. Delta and gamma - inkonzo igumbi, abasebenzi zezolimo. Epsilons - umaleko ephantsi, abantu okhubazekileyo ngengqondo, ukuphumeza umsebenzi wesiqhelo ngoomatshini.

Zasemanzini ezikhuliselwe iibhotile zeglasi, bakhuliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, nokuba umbala iimpahla zahlukile. Owona mbandela kwihlabathi elitsha - standardisation zabantu. Isaci - "The jikelele, ngendlela efanayo kunye nozinzo." Yalahla ibali, bonke bangahlala ukuba namhlanje. Zonke bonke subordinated ukuba bona ukuze kuxhamle umbuso womhlaba.

Ingxaki ephambili ihlabathi kukuba ukulingana ngumntu abakwazi ukwanelisa abantu ukucinga. Ezinye alpha akakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ebomini uzive zizele ubulolo kunye nenkcaso. Kodwa ngaphandle izinto abazi kwihlabathi elitsha akunakwenzeka, ngenxa yokuba banoxanduva ntle yabanye. Aba bantu abathatha inkonzo njengoko ngebhaxa okanye ukukhonza kwisiqithi ngenxa bengavani noluntu.

Obungenanjongo zempilo eli hlabathi kukuba rhoqo "bahlamba" inqondo. Injongo yokusebenzisa yobomi babo. Baphila kunye nomsebenzi ukuze kufumana izinto ezingeyomfuneko ngokupheleleyo. Kufuneka ukufikelela kwiintlobo ngeentlobo lolwazi, kwaye ucinge ukuba afundiswe ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa akukho umnqweno isayensi okanye imfundo-self, ukuze sikhule ngokomoya. They buyisela izinto ezingephi kunye ezingenamsebenzi. Xa intliziyo kwalo mbutho yeyona kolawulo efanayo yileyo.

Ukuba bonke abantu bayakwazi ukucinga kwaye uzive, uzinzo ekuweni. Ukuba aphike, bonke they jikisa clones ezinezothe usisiyatha. akayi kuba uluntu ukusoloko, iya kuthatha indawo izilwanyana ngokuphathelele nase. Ququzelela emphakathini lwenkqubo yemfuza, wayonakalisayo onke amaziko ezinkulu, kulingana entshabalalweni yayo.

Xa uhlobo le ncwadi ikhankanywe apha ngentla ingqalelo kakhulu. Kwabo nazo ziquka:

• "A Clockwork Orange" Entoni Berdzhessa (1962).
• "Thina" UYevgeny Zamyatin (1924).
• "INkosi Iimpukane" nguWilliam Golding (1954).

Le misebenzi lomculo ingqalelo. Kodwa ababhali mihla ndadala iincwadi ezininzi ezimangalisayo uhlobo nephupha.

ekuboneni lwangoku

Iincwadi (uluhlu eyona ingabonwa ngezantsi) kule nkulungwane yahlukile into classical ukuba ngokusondeleyo uyahambelana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ukuba nzima ukwahlukanisa omnye komnye. Kuzo kukwakho iziqalelo zamabali, kwaye post-apocalypse, kunye cyberpunk. Kodwa zimbalwa iincwadi ezibhalwe ngababhali ezaziphila bafanelwe ingqalelo abalandeli ekuboneni:

• Trilogy ULauren Oliver "ingqondo" (2011).
• Kazuo Ishiguro inoveli "Ungaze Makhe ndihambe" (2005).
• Trilogy Syuzen Kollinz 'The Hunger Games' (2008).

Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, siye ingqalelo uhlobo zithanda. Ekuboneni licela abafundi ukubona ihlabathi, nto leyo kubo soze abe igumbi.

Kubafundi kubuyekezwa lwabo, kodwa bayavisisana kule nto: bonke dystopian ukufunda lula. Phakathi kwazo kukho "iincwadi enzima nzima ndikunike." Kodwa ingcamango kakuhle eli wonder nje ebhalwe: indlela ibakho iinoveli zeziganeko embhoxo ubomi mihla, kutsha nje kwixa elidlulileyo. Ezi kakhulu sase nzulu iinoveli ezikwenza ube ucinga. Ezininzi iincwadi ifundwe kunye ipensile esandleni sakhe - abantu ababhiyozela ukuphuphuma iindawo ezinika umdla kuchaphulo olu. Asingabo bonke dystopian ifundwe mnye umoya, kodwa iqhekeza ngalinye lihlala kwimemori.