Banomkhwa - olu lwalathiso kwi nenkcubeko eYurophu kwiinkulungwane 16-17

Banomkhwa - le intshukumo yokuluka kwiqela kumazwe aseYurophu kwiinkulungwane 16-17. Oku kuvele emva Renaissance, yaye abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba kubangelwa ezininzi zizifundiswa yeentlekele kwixesha Renaissance.

iimpawu Jikelele ngexesha

Banomkhwa - kwinqanaba utshintsho ukusuka Ages Aphakathi ukuya kumaxesha angaphambili mihla. Yaba elishumi nzima kakhulu kwimbali yamazwe aseNtshona Yurophu. Ngapha koko, xa kwakukho ukuyilwa iinkqubo ezintsha kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Konke oku kubangelwe ekuqhutyweni imfazwe ngokubanzi, kuquka imifela kunye nezopolitiko kunye neebhloko yonke kwamazwe. Ngaphakathi, aliqela amazwe ziye utshintsho olukhulu ezinxulumene inguqu kwinkqubo yobungxowankulu apho.

Ukongeza, uluntu izifundiswa elo xesha ngokukodwa wothuswa yi golide eRoma ngo-1527. Zonke ezi utshintsho ababa kuchaphazela ihlabathi kwisangqa. Banomkhwa - uhlobo abasabela ngayo intlekele ekuyo i-siseko humanistic ukuba kuzukisa ndoda ubukho bakhe. Ngoko ke, ngabapeyinti ezininzi, abakroli kunye nabayili bezakhiwo, baye babhenela ekufuneni omtsha umsebenzi wakhe.

iimpawu ndlela

uhlobo entsha yavela eItali waza wayitwabulula kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu. Okokuqala yonke imigaqo yayo baqalisa ukwahlula ngegcisa elinye kulawo eFransi eNetherlands. Kuba le ndawo luphawulwa mpawu zilandelayo: umnqweno ukugqithisa ukuvisisana imigca imilo lwangaphandle kunye ngokomoya, zobude kunye zobude, ukungakhululeki zibhekise. Oku kwahlukile kwimbono a magcisa ekuvuselelweni iyavisisana ababefuna ukugqithisa inzolo ngemisebenzi yakhe, ngokukodwa ke unonophelo iifom ukulingana kwi ekwakhiweni.

Xa imikrolo, inkosi yaqala ukuba anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo plasticity nangobuciko. Sesakhiwo iye yayikhankanya ukunqongophala ukuvumelana iintlobo uphawu ngexesha elidlulileyo.

in yokudweba

School of Painting eItali, yaba ngunozala ngendlela entsha. Kwathi emizini ezifana Florence, Mantua. Eyona nto iphambili ilungu layo Vasari, noGiulio Romano kunye nabanye. Kuba amagcisa, le mizobo yale ndawo iphawulwa sisincoko esimbaxa, ingxinano wasentsomini, ezizodwa, imibala eqaqambileyo. Ezi zihloko kwabe ezahlukeneyo, kodwa enye inkcaso eliyinhloko uthando uthando ezisezulwini nezisemhlabeni. Nemimoya waba eqhelekileyo imisebenzi emininzi zabazobi.

zaso zesikolo yokudweba eziqulunqwe eFransi (Fontainebleau). ngabapeyinti Dutch abaninzi ulingisa ngababhali Italian. Kule ndawo kwakukho umdla ukuvuselela lo mfanekiso chivalrous kunye nemixholo ephakathi.

Umfanekiso kunye nezakhiwo

Banomkhwa bokwakha wasamkelayo kuphuhliso ngokubanzi. Kuba izakhiwo kule style luphawulwa ukuhlukunyezwa siswele kunye imigca lwefacade. Abakhi bafuna akha ingqiqo yaye ulixhalabele kumboniseli ntoni lo mkhuba era kubonakala, ezizezi umbhodamo lwamaxabiso Renaissance kunye nokulahlekelwa azive imvisiswano noxolo. Omnye umzekelo izakhiwo kule style nguye Laurentian Library e Florence (umbhali - uMichelangelo). Le style esifanayo yenziwe kummandla Mantua, kwakunye loggia ekwakheni kwigalari kwi Uffizi.

Banomkhwa - kwinqanaba yexeshana phakathi Renaissance ne ezimbejembeje. Xa imikrolo, sibonile isenzeko efanayo naleyo echazwe bokwakha nokupeyinta. Ummeli evelele yi B. Cellini. umsebenzi wakhe luphawulwa lobuhle ebaxiweyo kunye nokuphuculwa, nkqu pretentiousness ezithile iimilo nemibala.

Beka endaweni inkcubeko

Banomkhwa - esi sigaba obalulekileyo kwimbali zobugcisa. Abaphengululi abaninzi kubona oko njengoko zakuqala yokuhlobisa kunye nasekuqaleni ezimbejembeje. Kakade ke, izinto ezininzi, le meko abachaphazelekayo ukuba ikhosi olulandelayo. Yobuciko, umz, wangena kule fom kwicala fussy, ukuntsonkotha ukubunjwa yase - lobuhle ngendlela bendawo wemifanekiso. Ngokubanzi, i-banomkhwa kubugcisa bezinto ezibonakalayo, phezu kwazo zonke ezi mpawu zingentla yokuzenza - isimaphambili kakhulu ebanzi evakalala.

Ngokomzekelo, xa imisebenzi Renaissance amagcisa ndazilanda iimpawu kule isimbo. Rafael yenye embalwa yokuqala sanduluka nefom ye classicism waza waqalisa ukunikela amanani zakhe zobude. Kule mizobo ka uLeonardo da Vinci, kukho ezinye izinto ezixela banomkhwa: ugxininise Ukuntsonkotha eminye imifanekiso kunye ahlukahlukeneyo okhethekileyo, ngokomoya.

ukusebenza

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba Renaissance kunye banomkhwa iphaphatheke izigqibo nemigaqo indalo ngobuciko. Ngapha koko, umkhwa omtsha ubonakele kanye xa iintlobo ezaziwa Renaissance kuseyinto ungumzekelo omhle. Kodwa ezinomdla kakhulu kukuba banomkhwa lidumile kwinkulungwane yama-20. Kukho ingcamango yokuba "neomanerizm", nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo kuqondwa ukuba bexelisa ezinye abaculi sithi ulwalathiso. Kukho imbono yokuba lo mkhuba abachaphazelekayo ubugcisa domestic kwexesha iSilver Age. Izizathu zoku impembelelo ukuba kufunyanwa into yokuba banomkhwa yaba kwisigaba yexeshana phakathi Renaissance ne ezimbejembeje. Yena eclectic ngokwendalo, ngoko ngandlel 'ithile jikelele. Kule mihla banomkhwa abanomdla kwiintlobo engaqhelekanga kwaye ethelekelelwayo, nentsusa le ndlela, kwakunye uphendlo esebenzayo ngemibala.