Artists ngabelusi kunye nobuchule babo. Amagcisa Russian kwekhulu ojikelezayo 19

I-lifa eshiywe abaculi abhadulayo, enkulu ngokwenene ezininzi. Baqala ke ukuba esimelela kwimifanekiso bakhe abantu abaqhelekileyo, indlela yabo yokuphila, imikhwa, iimvakalelo kunye nesimo ngokweemvakalelo. Phezu canvases lamagcisa abathululi nako ukubona izicaphulo kwimbali Russian, Ziqulethe amandla ongenakoyiswa umoya abantu abaqhelekileyo. Phakathi obukhulu zeli xesha nazo wafumana eni zabantu abadumileyo kunye izikhulu.

Imbali walombutho

Amagcisa abathululi baba zinjalo yokuqala Russian. Bona kuphikisana ubuchule izimiso zazo engqongqo kwizifundo, kude ekhoyo namhlanje kunye neemfuno zobomi lwanamhlanje. Association of Imiboniso abahambahambayo kwahlelwa eSt Petersburg. Imbali umdla kule ndawo. Ngowe-1863, zibe lishumi baphumeleleyo ilungileyo Academy of Arts yafuna nenkokheli isigqibo ukuya ukuzikhethela umxholo ipateni khuphiswano. Ekubeni saliwe, abafundi abatsha akazange athandabuze ukuba uphume ukusuka kwiziko lemfundo ukuba aququzelele umbutho free. Ngowe-1870, oko kulinyathelo V. Perov, kunye artists Moscow ndikudalile Association of miboniso abahambahambayo. Le ingcaciso yokuqala lavulwa sele ngo-1871. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, njengokuba zinjalo abaselula wafuna kukuveza ubomi lokwenyaniso ukubandezeleka rhoqo kunye nabalimi isibhovubhovu; ongaphantsi ngamandla abazizityebi kunye nabanini-mhlaba. Ebonisa ukuba ubambe amagcisa abhadulayo ibe yimpumelelo enkulu, kwaye kumacandelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zoluntu.

Kule nobomi lombutho yaqhutywa Imiboniso ezingamashumi amane anesibhozo eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Riga, Yaroslavl, Tula, Saratov, Chisinau, Kazan, Kursk, Voronezh, Poltava, eKharkov, Odessa, Kiev kunye nezinye izixeko. "Umboniso Folk" baqalisa ukuhlala kwiidolophu ezincinane, ezilalini nemizana. imfundo yabantu abaqhelekileyo - yenye iingcamango esukelwa amagcisa ngabelusi. Uluhlu nxaxheba zoluntu iquka abakroli zibhetele ngabapeyinti ze elinethoba kunye kwiinkulungwane omabini. Phakathi kwabo nemaloizvestny GG Myasoedov, Petrov, I. Kramskoy, K. Sawicki, G. Savrasov, A. Kuindzhi, Shishkin, Repin, Vasnetsov, Levitan, S. ivanov, . Arkhipov kunye nabanye abantu baziincamisa.

indlela ebubuchule

November 29, 1871 eSt Petersburg wavula umboniso ohambayo kuqala. On exposure zamisa imisebenzi ngabapeyinti elinesithandathu. Imizobo amane anesixhenxe ziye Ndinibonisile abaphulaphuli. Kamva, eMoscow, inani mizobo yabamba yafikelela 82. Lo mboniso efanayo kamva wafudukela Kiev ne eKharkov. Imizobo ezinjalo abaculi Russian le ziimbacu, njengoko "Meyi Night" (I. Kramskoy), "Hunters e Ukuphumla", "Umfanekiso a I. zabarhwebi S. Kamynina," "Umlobi", "Umfanekiso A. N. Ostrovskogo" (VG . Perov), "le ehlasela Ngaba ufikile" (A. Savrasov), "engenanto" (I. Pryanishnikova) wangena imbali lwemizobo Russian. Xa imisebenzi yakhe zinjalo wathembela kuphela kumava yokudweba Russian, kodwa impumelelo ihlabathi lobugcisa bamandulo lwanamhlanje. abameli ezininzi inkampani kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo kwicala Academy of Arts batyelela amazwe angaphandle, eyavuma namava oogxa babo, wafunda ubugcisa zaphawula ezahlukeneyo nezimbo. abakuqapheleyo kunye okuvelayo kubo kuphunyezwa imisebenzi. Ubuchule Peredvizhnik kakhulu uzimisele ukuhamba zobugcisa lehlabathi elinethoba kunye kwiinkulungwane omabini.

Alexei Savrasov

Landscape ngumzobi. Le yenye wabaseki Association of the ngabelusi. Ngowe-1844 umzobi oselula nxamnye ukuthanda kayise engena School of Umzobo, leyo iqukumbela ngempumelelo ngo-1850. Ekumeni yokuqala Alekseya Kondratevicha - "Jonga le yesicelo kwimozulu engentle", "View of eMoscow ukusuka unondlwane Hills" - benamandla iingcinga romanticism. Savrasov ngenkuthalo inxaxheba kwimiboniso, kwaye ufundisa kwi-School of Umfanekiso nokupeyinta. Ngowe-1862 ehamba phandle, apho waya umboniso art London, Paris, Munich, Dresden, Berlin, Copenhagen kunye nabanye. Ingakumbi kwatsala ingqalelo wegcisa German kunye ngabapeyinti IsiNgesi yokunqwenela ukuzimela nenyaniso. Ngeli xesha, Alexei Kondratyevich wabhala enye ngemizobo yakhe edumileyo - "Elk Isiqithi", apho ke kamva lawongwa ngebhaso kukhuphiswano eMoscow. Ukususela ngowe-1870 yena kunye nenkosikazi yakhe waya Russia (Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Novgorod). okuvelayo bakhe ubuhle bendalo umama imifanekiso kuyo lokudlulisa. Ngoko ke kukho i "omkulu iVolga" yaye "Le ehlasela Ngaba Ifike". Ukuba le mizobo zanikezelwa mboniso yokuqala, leyo wahlelwa Russian amagcisa ngabelusi. Kwimisebenzi ezibhaliweyo kule 870 kaThixo, kukho unxunguphalo yaye bebuhlungu ikhula: "Sunset phezu nomgxobhozo", "Moonlight", "Lingcwaba iVolga", "Irorho". Iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela umzobi wachitha sibandezelekile kakhulu.

Ivan Shishkin

Amagama Peredvizhnik eyaziwa kude ngaphaya kwemida lokhokho. Umzekelo iphawulekayo kule - Shishkin. Ekubeni igama lakhe linxulunyaniswa imbali yomhlaba lwasekhaya, indalo bakhe baba ezakudala kazwelonke wazuza ithandwa kakhulu. artist Future wazalelwa kwidolophu encinane Elabuga merchant usapho ngo-1832. Ngowe-1848 yena wangena Kazan yokwenza umthambo, kodwa zange ayigqibe. Emva ekhaya, ixesha elide xa befuna indlela yakhe elizayo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi Shishkin oselula engena School of Umzobo, apho intloko yakhe ukuntywiliselwa kwizifundo zabo kunye nomsebenzi. Le lomculi usoloko sisondela. Yakhe ephefumlelweyo ngemvelo, amahlathi kunye nenkangeleko ezisemaphandleni, ubomi yamahlwempu. Okokuqala, yihla ixesha lethu, umsebenzi Shishkin - yi "Pine phezu kolwalwa." Le ukupeyinta oyile lwalupayintiwe ngo-1855. Ngowe ngo1856, uIvan wangena Academy of Arts Fine (St. Petersburg). imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala igcwele luthando. Ngowe-1858 wabhala enye ngemizobo yakhe edumileyo, "Jonga isiqithi Valaam." Ukuze lo msebenzi, ngowe-1860 waba wawongwa imbasa yegolide kwi-mboniso yezifundo. Emva kokuphumelela (1860) Shishkin kwendisa ngaphandle. Ngeli xesha udala wobugcisa nemaloizvestny "View kufuphi Dusseldorf", thaca mboniso e Paris. Ekubuyeleni ekhaya uIvan loLawulo- I.Kramskoy - owaseka "Artel amagcisa." Kwiminyaka elandelayo wabhala inani-mhlaba ( "Xa endhawini eMoscow", "I-Wood-ewisa", "Ship Grove", "Forest Stream '). imisebenzi yakhe usoloko unxiba imiboniso evumelana Russian amagcisa ngabelusi. Nanamhla oku, obukhulu ezinkulu landscape athandwa kakhulu.

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy

Amagcisa Russian kwekhulu abhadulayo 19 wadala umfanekiso igalari enkulu. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, ukuba ezotywe abantu intle kweli lizwe, abanegama inzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko. yobuciko abaninzi zabhalwa ngokomyalelo umxhasi zobugcisa odumileyo kunye nombuthi P. Tretyakov. Eneneni portraitist okuqaqambileyo yaba Kramskoy. Ukomelela italente kule mculi brilliant and ngengqondo wavela lo mfanekiso Lva Tolstogo. Le wobugcisa yabhalwa ngo-1873 Yasnaya Polyana. Phambili wegcisa ozisa ingqondo ecacileyo usisilumko zombhali. Umfanekiso we umbhali odumileyo Russian isekelwe kwi umahluko-based (ukubaluleka ngaphakathi nangaphandle lula). Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo umfanekiso Archaeology "lusizi Intlungu" lidlulisela ubunzulu iimvakalelo koomama. Kwiminyaka 1860-1870 ukuba bathathe inxaxheba entlanganweni kwemiboniso, leyo kuthwalelwa phandle amagcisa ngabelusi. Umsebenzi Kramskogo "Desert Kristu" lwaqhutyelwa sesichengeni yesibini. Okwakufudula umzobi, ubukhulu becala up eni abantu abaqhelekileyo, "Polesovschik", "engaziwayo", "kwamafama umkhala," njalo-njalo ...

Iikulya Efimovich Repin

Mhlawumbi siganeko obalulekileyo kwimbali yokudweba Russian yaba kumzobo "Barge Haulers". Xa umsebenzi wakhe, igcisa yabonisa ngokucacileyo umfanekiso abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngaphambi Repin lo mntu bali kakhulu yeengxaki emangalisayo ingqwalasela. Kulo wobugcisa, igcisa wabonisa bubuchule zakhe zonke iindlela zobugcisa kufezeka. Enye Repin indalo ebonakalayo - "Isakhiwo umngcelele kwiPhondo Kursk". Ibhalwe ngo 1883, ekupeyinteni umdla isisombululo engaqhelekanga ezinomtsalane kunye compositional. umngcelele Isakhiwo kuboniswe kumfanekiso imela umfanekiso adibeneyo lali kunye onke amaqela ayo neeklasi. Ngenxa yothando novelwano umbhali akwazi ukuzoba imifanekiso abalimi zesiqhelo. Indawo okhethekileyo imisebenzi opeyintayo uthathe umxholo olululo. It wadala womzobo "Phantsi okugada", "engalindelekanga", "Ukukhatywa Ukuvuma." Ngowe-1880, kulya Yefimovich libhekisela uhlobo portrait, ebonisa nosaziwayo abahlaziya ezifana D. Mendeleyev, A. Delvig, Glinka kunye nabanye.

Vasiliy Maksimovich Maksimov

izakhono zakhe kuqala sobuciko ezifumeneyo koomasifundisane icon-ukupeyinta. NguVasili Maksimovich wawugqiba St Petersburg Academy of Arts Fine eklasini yokudweba zembali. Yonke imisebenzi yakhe umculi wanikezela umfanekiso yokuqala yehlabathi umlimi. Imizobo yakhe azichatshazelwa ndikho kwezifundo kunye imibala eqaqambileyo. Noko ke, lo msebenzi osemqoka kuphela kwatsala ingqalelo abathandi zobugcisa. imisebenzi yayo idumileyo zezi: "Yonke into elidluleyo", "Umyeni Abaguli", "Icandelo Family". Njengoko kwakunye namanye amagcisa ezininzi abhadulayo ngenkulungwane ye-19, Vasily Maksimovich emsebenzini wakhe izama ukubonakalisa iinjongo zobuchule kunye nemilinganiselo ixesha lakhe.

Vasiliy Grigorevich Perov

Wazalelwa Tobolsk ngo-1834. Xa elivisayo, igcisa entsha iya School of Irestyu yeHlabathi. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala omkhulu yi "Ukufika ume phezu phando." Ubuciko ebhalwe kwiminyaka wakhe, yaba yimpumelelo enkulu phezu imijikelo. Kungekudala, ngokuba kumzobo "kwiNtshumayelo kwindawo Village" Vasily wawongwa ngembasa yegolide. Imizobo yakhe yokuqala ibonisa orientation lwentlalo-ezibalulekileyo lombhali. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi oku - "umngcelele lwasemaPhandleni on Easter", "Teaching kwidolophana", njl Kwiminyaka kamva Perov ivela njenge opeyintayo umzobo-landscape .. KuYe ngokaYehova enemifanekiso yabantu Dostoevsky kunye Alexander Ostrovsky. It Vasily wayengomnye lwabasunguli imisebenzi esebenzayo kobuDlelwane.

Abram Efimovich Arkhipov

Lo mculi unikwa indawo ebalulekileyo uhlobo ukupeyinta ixesha. Xa wemisebenzi yakhe Arkhipov ubuninzi ngokunyanisekileyo kuboniswe ubomi abantu elula yasemaphandleni. ukupeyinta Yakhe "Ukubuya", "Xa Iliso", kuye kwaqatshelwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. Kwezinye yemisebenzi yakhe utyhila iingxaki zentlalo ( "washerwomen", "umsebénzi imini" njalo njalo. D.), ezibonisa abasebenzi yamahlwempu enzima.