Uilyam Shekspir: iminyaka yobomi, ibhayografi elifutshane

Shakespeare ... Uilyam Shekspir! Ngubani ongaziyo ukuba gama? Wemidlalo kunabo kunye yimbongi, ikratshi yesizwe lwamaNgesi, ubutyebi behlabathi liphela. Yiloo ngubani na. Imisebenzi yakhe enkulu ziye zaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezininzi zehlabathi, aqukiwe kwinkqubo ngokunyanzelekileyo uncwadi kumazwe amaninzi. Ngaba lo nokuvuma?

Ebuntwaneni.

Kukholelwa ukuba Shakespeare, iminyaka yobomi olwahlukileyo kweminye imithombo, wazalwa ngo-Apreli 1564. Umhla ngqo nangoku ayaziwa mntu, ekubeni akufunyanwanga ubungqina obubhaliweyo. Kodwa kwincwadi yecawa has a umhla ubhaptizo lwakhe - April 26.

Wazalwa ekumbindi eNgilani, kwidolophu yiStratford-upon-Avon. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uyise wakhe Dzhon Shekspir, awayemi ntlandlolo ichule (wenza neeglavu lokunxibela). Kamva, wamiselwa Alderman, oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, intloko yebandla kamasipala, waza waba yintloko kwibhunga wesixeko.

UYohane kakhulu indoda esisityebi, njengoko oko kungqinwa yokuba wayesoloko uhlawule imali enkulu ngenxa non-ubesinyamekele iinkonzo ecaweni. Kukho amarhe okuba Shakespeare Omkhulu a Catholic ngasese.

UMama ekuchubekeni elizayo uMariya Arden wayevela Saxon uhlanga endala zihlaba.

Uilyam Shekspir (iminyaka yobomi - 1564-1616) wayenabantakwabo noodade abasixhenxe. Nguye lo mntwana yesithathu ekhaya.

ulutsha

Ekubeni kungekho iirekhodi zesikolo kaShakespeare baye basinda, abaphengululi swi ngobomi bakhe kwezinye wayemana ulwazi kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Ngokutsho kwabo, wafunda Shakespeare e Stratford Igrama School, yaye kamva esikolweni kaKumkani Edward leSithandathu, apho wayefunda khona kwisihobe ngababhali bamandulo.

UShakespeare (iminyaka yobomi, 'yabona. Ngaphezu), watshata eneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo. ukhetho yakhe intombi ka-mhlaba ngegama Anne, ngaphandle ukhulelwe. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba ukutshata umtshato waba intombazana egama USusan. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, mawele azalwe - unyana kunye nentombi Judith Hemnet.

umsebenzi Theatrical. Ukuhlala eLondon

Ukususela ku 1585 (emva zokubeleka), Shakespeare Akukho lwazi. Kuphela 1592, umzila wakhe yabhaqwa eLondon, apho wayesebenza kunye namandla kunye yeqonga ephambili. Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba seminyaka esixhenxe iye yaphela nje ukusuka biography of ekuchubekeni enkulu. Akukho abaphandi kunye ngokuchanekileyo akakwazi ukuthetha oko wakwenzayo kwiminyaka kaShakespeare.

Njengoko wonke umntu uyazi, ziziphi ngenkulungwane awayephila uShakespeare wamangaliswa izithuba ezinjalo ayikho imfuneko.

Ukusuka ngeembalo ezahlukeneyo oko kwazeka ukuba London William Shakespeare ibekwe ngempumelelo. Kodwa ke kwakhona, akucaci, ekubeni xa waqalisa ukubhala kubo, wazibona kwikomkhulu, yaye kutheni oko kufutshane kule nkundla.

I qembu lwe "Abakhonzi yeNkosi Chamberlain" unelungelo iphambili sigaba weqonga Shakespeare, ngokuba apho omdlali, yaye kamva waba yayo intsebenziswano yomnikazi. Kungekudala, lo mbutho wokubonelwa iye yaba yenye ethandwa eLondon.

Iminyaka yobomi Shakespeare yayihamba njengesiqhelo. Ngowe-1603, inkampani yakhe yaziwa ngokuba "Abakhonzi uKumkani," nto leyo eyayithetha ulwamkelo kunye nobuchule kuyo izikhulu.

ngomdlalo Theatrical ibe yimpumelelo enkulu, nto leyo eyenza i qembu ukufumana isakhiwo yabo. Le nkundla intsha igama "Globe". Emva kweminyaka embalwa le nkundla yathengwa "Blekfrayer". UShakespeare wakhula zizityebi ngokukhawuleza, yaye wenza akukho mfihlakalo ukukwazi ukwenza kwayo. Ngoko ke, wafumana indlu yesibini ngobukhulu eStratford.

imisebenzi zoncwadi

Shakespeare, iminyaka yobomi ahlayo ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini, waqalisa ukucinga malunga upapasho wemibhalo yakhe. Eyokuqala yapapashwa ngowe-1594. Kodwa emva kokuba Kwazeka kwizangqa uncwadi, ukudlala wemidlalo yeqonga, akayekanga ukuzanga kakhulu. Yaba usana lwakhe, ukuba angabi nako ayeke.

Ithuba lonke umsebenzi kaShakespeare yahlulwe izigaba ezine:

1. Eyokuqala ekuqaleni. Ibhalwe kwi Renaissance comedy, yemicimbi yemihla, imihobe ezimbini, "nentlekele eyoyikekayo".
2. Yesibini. Kwakukho idrama oqolileyo, iqhekeza antique, sonnets, ibalisa ibali kakhulu.
3. Okwesithathu. Ibhalwe ntlekele yamandulo, le ntlekele inkulu, intlekele engancumisiyo.
4. Okwesine. UShakespeare wadala nedrama-ngantsomi.

idrama

UShakespeare (iminyaka yobomi: 1564-1616) obungathandabuzekiyo ingqalelo wemidlalo mkhulu lonke ixesha. Kwaye akukho gama enjalo ehlabathini enokuba kuma ngokulinganayo kunye igama lakhe.

Ekuqaleni 1590 ngamnye ngendlela yoncwadi yaba idrama zembali. Eli xesha kuquka play 'uRichard III "yaye" Henry leSithandathu. "

Kunzima ukumisela periodization yokuveliswa kwemisebenzi ethile, ukusukela ukuba umhla ngumbhali. Kodwa abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ixesha yokuqala okusungula:

• "Madoda Ezimbini Verona."
• "I Ukudambisa of the Shrew."
• "Tit Andronik."
• "Comedy lweempazamo".

Kwakhona, ixesha lokuqala uphawuleka imisebenzi ikakhulu farcical kunye isigqebelo. Mu kuya kwa nshita lesibini kwinqanaba apho imisebenzi phambi yothando. Umzekelo, "Iphupha nehlobo Night kaThixo," "Yabathengisi yaseVenice."

Ekubeni sifakiweyo, sitsha ngamnye ngabalinganiswa kaShakespeare zibe ezinokuntsonkotha umdla.

Xa kwincopho nobuchule wemidlalo kufuneka iintlekele yokubhala. Ezi ziquka "Hamlet," "Othello," "uKumkani Lear."

UShakespeare wayehlala ngenkulungwane ngokupheleleyo amathuba wobuciko, bumntwisiwe izimvo zabo, ukubhala into entsha, ezintsha. Kule midlalo kwethuba lokugqibela yesakhono yombhali lwesihobe ifikelele incopho yawo. Kungenxa yoko le nto yegama idrama njenge "Antony and Cleopatra," "Coriolanus" uthathwa efanelekileyo.

Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba inani edlalwa kaShakespeare zaye zabhalwa ngentsebenziswano kunye nenye umbhali. Ngelo xesha ke ibe uqheliso oluqhelekileyo kwaye eqhelekileyo.

"Romeo and Juliet"

Mhlawumbi oku ibali uthando idumileyo ehlabathini. Kwakukho Izinto ezininzi kumabala emidlalo - musa ukubala, kwaye inani apha naphaya nako ebetha (ngaphezu amahlanu). Kodwa ke wothuka kwakhona into yokuba, nakuba esi sicatshulwa kweenkulungwane, eli bali nangoku ochukumisa umphefumlo kwaye yenza sicinge malunga umongo wokuba.

Kwisiqwenga idrama ngokuqinisekileyo kubo bonke abantu abafunda. Intshukumo iqala kwisixeko Italian ka Verona. Ziziphi Ngenkulungwane wayephila Shakespeare, kule ndawo, kwaye iziganeko ezichazwe.

Montagues kwaye Capulets - iintsapho ezimbini, bexabana iminyaka emininzi yaye mhlawumbi sele ulibele isizathu ngenzondo yabo. Destiny Uchitha ukuze abantwana iinkokeli ukuwa eluthandweni. Romeo and Juliet isigqibo ukutshata ngasese. Kodwa lo mfana ekufudumaleni umlo ibulala umzalwana oyintanda kunye bagxothwa kuloo mzi.

Ukususela ithemba intombi ukuya kusela ityhefu, kodwa seal emnika umxube oko kwenza nje naye. Usapho ugqiba ukuba Juliet walishiya eli phakade, wawubeka engcwabeni.

Romeo, abakwazi ukuba asinde ukulahleka oyintanda, iziselo ityhefu, ukuvuka, ibona ezinyaweni zakhe umzimba engenabomi. Igqiba kwelokuba ukulandela owuthandayo kwaye ngeemela ngokwakhe.

Ukufa kwabantwana kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ekupheleni intiyo ezingenanceba iintsapho ezimbini.

"Hamlet"

Uilyam Shekspir kuye kwenzeka ebomini intlekele enkulu - ngokufa konyana wakhe. Hemnet wafa eneminyaka engama-elinanye, mhlawumbe ukusuka isibetho ukudumba.

Ngenxa wemidlalo esebenza eLondon, wayengekho lityelela rhoqo kowabo kwaye ngexesha lokufa, unyana wakhe ecaleni kwakhe wayengekho apho. Shakespeare bathuthunjiswe kakhulu yile meko.

Yiyo nale siganeko abaphandi zobuchule zithi nokudalwa nentlekele Hamlet, kuqhina yokufana kwawo lwamagama.

Apha ebalini, kakade, akukho xhulumaniso akafumaneki. Intshukumo ithatha indawo kwiphondo Denmark. Prince ogama Hamlet igcwalisa ghost kayise ufile, ukumkani. Uthi le ndodana, ukuba wabulawa ngukumkani langoku, uyisekazi Hamlet kaThixo - kaKlawudiyo Kesare. Uyalela ghost ukuziphindezelela ngenxa yoko wakwenzayo nayo.

Hamlet edidekile, akaba nako ukwenza isigqibo. Ukuze azikhusele, uthalalisa uphambene. Kodwa umalume wakhe ayikho simple, akakholelwa kwi nomkhuba umtshana wakhe. Intloko uKlawudiyo oceba ukumbulala ukuzalwa Hamlet.

Ekugqibeleni, Hamlet, uyiselayo ityhefu, engazi nto. Kodwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, ixesha akayi kukha abalungise na uyise.

Ukuze itrone iza Frontinbras ngumlawuli Norwegian.

Imihobe kunye sonnets

Ziziphi Ngenkulungwane waphila Shakespeare? Xa yobudala lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezisiweyo zelizwe. Kwenzeka ukuba eNgilani wabaleka iindlela eziphambili ulwandle zorhwebo. Isiphumo ukuba 1593 eli lizwe kuthinjwa isibetho, eyathatha phantse iminyaka emibini.

Kakade ke, kwiimeko ezinjalo zange ukusebenza, akukho amaziko karhulumente, kuquka kaShakespeare Theatre. Ekuchubekeni Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ahlale ngaphandle umsebenzi. Wayifunda lukhulu, kwaye ephefumlelwe "Metamorphoses 'of uOvid wabhala imihobe ezimbini inkanuko.

Eyesithathu "A Isikhalazo Umthandi kaThixo, 'nto leyo iprintwe kwakhona amaxesha amaninzi ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe.

Kodwa uninzi zonke Uilyam Shekspir eyaziwa ngokuba sonnets zakhe. Wabo mbongi - 154. Sonet imele ivesi ye imigca elinesine yamkelwa apho isicengcelezo onjalo: abab cdcd efef gg.

Umjikelo sonnets ke ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe ngamaqela elinambini weendawo, kuquka:

• bethi abanye;
• usizi noloyiko;
• uvuyo kunye nobuhle luthando.

indlela Shakespeare

Uilyam Shekspir, iminyaka yobomi ezidweliswe kwi saveyi, yaninzi kunene aguqulwe ngokwemiqathango uncwadi. imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala zabhalwa ngolwimi eziqhelekileyo, ukuba ume ngaphandle esihlweleni ekuchubekeni hacks efanayo. Ukuze siphephe rhoqo ngemisebenzi yabo Shakespeare baye zilayishwe izikweko zabo ngokoqobo betyale nxamnye enye kwenye. Oku eyabangela ukuba Utyhila imifanekiso kwamagorha.

Noko ke, imbongi uza isimbo zayo zemveli, oko akufundisayo kuwo. Standard uba ukusetyenziswa kwe ivesi blank (abhalwe pentameter iambic). Kodwa ke zizakubalulwa umgangatho walo, xa kuthelekiswa umsebenzi wokuqala yaye alandele-up.

Le peculiarity yokuloba Shakespeare kukuba wabhala kujoliswe yeqonga. Xa imisebenzi yakhe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu isetyenziswa Enjambment, uyilo engaqhelekanga kwaye ubude lwezivakalisi. Ngamanye amaxesha umbhali imema ekumele ukuba bacinge ekupheleni binzana, ufaka kukho kokunqumama ixesha elide.

ukugxekwa

Shakespeare, Neminyaka yobomi, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane ezaziwa kuwo onke amanani boncwadi abaye baba nempembelelo kakhulu kubalandeli bakhe kumsebenzi a zombhali.

Ngaphandle koku, ngexesha lokudla kwakhe akazange njengento ekuchubekeni enkulu. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, nokuba wagxeka ngenxa yokuba yena kuxutywa eqalile kunye lihlekisayo imisebenzi yakhe.

Noko ke, sele kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo, ezi mbono sele ulibele, iseti yoncwadi malunga isifundo ngokucokisekileyo umsebenzi wakhe. Yaye kungekudala ke avakalisa ngumntu Yaziwa kakuhle ngoku, ukuba uShakespeare - imbongi yesizwe yaseNgilani. Emva koko, ingqalelo sivulwe ngexesha lokudla kaShakespeare.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yabalasela transfer ubunzima edlalwa Shakespeare kwezinye iilwimi. Ngokukodwa, oko useleganelwe Avgust Shlegel.

Noko ke, kusekho nabagxeki. Ngoko ke, uBernard Shou wathi ukuba uShakespeare xa kuthelekiswa Ibsen seluphelelwe, yaye engaliqondi le zithixo.

Ubukho ubuchule ezinkulu yathandabuza Shakespeare kunye Lev Tolstoy.

Kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kwakhona nza ukuba stardom xa Expressionists kunye Futurists baqalisa ukubeka imidlalo zakhe, imbongi TS Eliot wathi odlala Shakespeare kaThixo ihlala ihlaziyiwe.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Le minyaka yokugqibela ubomi kaShakespeare kwenzeka kowabo. Nangona wayesoloko waya eLondon on ishishini. A wemidlalo oyintloko inkampani yakhe waphumelela uYohane. Fletcher. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, naye intsebenziswano wabhala nemidlalo yokugqibela.

UShakespeare wahlala iminyaka xa Andiboni kakuhle ukuba kwenzeke ntoni na le ndoda. Kodwa amaxwebhu aseleyo wayebona ukuba wesandla latshintshwa, waba ukungaqiniseki kunye nesibindi. Ucingisisa ngoko mbali ziye zagqiba ukuba Uilyam Shekspir ugula kakhulu.

ukufa

UShakespeare wafa ngoAprili 23, 1616. Kukholelwa ukuba lwakhe lokuzalwa. Ngokutsho ngokokuthanda, yonke impahla ekuchubekeni wegqitha iintombi kunye nenzala yabo ngqo.

Ngumzukulwana lokugqibela ngqo le mbongi umzukulwana wakhe Elizabeth, owafa ngowe-1670.

Apho uShakespeare wachitha iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, omabonakude wembongi.