Tshintshela: ntoni na? circuit nokucima nolawulo fault

Igama elithi "tshintshela" anokufunyanwa iintlobo zezicatshulwa zobugcisa. Yintoni na? Ngengqiqo kakhulu jikelele - isixhobo ululayite eesekethe zombane (iimpawu) oluno elektroniki, electron-nomqadi okanye electromechanically.

Ngengqiqo elimxinwa ngokuqhelekileyo njalo kuxokwa ucinezelo switch, ezo baxhotyiswa naziphi izithuthi kunye injini ipetroli. Oku ezininzi nokucima, ikakhulu ngomatshini, kwaye umxholo weli nqaku.

Iinkqubo Background ucinezelo

Njengokuba kubhaliwe yaziwa, xa yokusebenza kumjikelo ipetroli ngamnye ukutshiswa lwangaphakathi injini, kukho linyathelo lunghiselela enokutsha amafutha-air umxube kunye nqanaba yayo komlilo. Kodwa umxube utshiswe, kufuneka ibe yinto kunokutshiseka.

Isisombululo yokuqala asetyenziswe Automotive injini yokuqala yokuvutha kwangaphakathi, ucinezelo yaba umxube ityhubhu ukuvutha kufakwa lombhobho kunye preheat phambi koqaliso injini. Xa kwithempritsha yayo ukusebenza ityhubhu baqhubeka ngenxa kunditshisa kumjikelo ngamnye mxube.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo yintlantsi ucinezelo inkqubo magneto isicelo ngokunxuseneyo kunye pre-ngokwayo of injini, kodwa ekuqaleni kuphela injini igesi mveliso. Lo mgaqo baphinda ngokukhawuleza kwaye automakers, kwaye emva kokuba kusungulwe Robert Bosch ngo-1902, inkqubo plug yintlantsi yesiqhelo yintlantsi liye laba umgangatho.

Umgaqo kwiplagi yintlantsi

Okwangoku, le ucinezelo inkqubo ibhetri eqhelekileyo, equka umthombo yangoku ngokohlobo ibhetri yemoto ngexesha ukuqala kanye motor wenkunkuma xa injini iyasebenza, Ikhoyili ucinezelo kukho sombane kunye ombane aphezulu yesibini kwayijikeleza apho ucinezelo yintlantsi uyitsale, kunye zokusasaza (iswitshi) ucinezelo . yotshintsho Umsebenzi ukuba ukuphazamisa izikhathi wesekethe ngoku ephambili jiko ye-coil ucinezelo. Kunye nokuphazamiseka ngalinye lentsimi yayo ngoku sibubona ezikhoyo amanqaku kwisithuba awayephantsi iingcingo secondary kwemicimbi ye-coil ucinezelo, kunciphisa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ngokungqinelana nomthetho yoqheliso magnetic kwi iingongoma ezifanayo isithuba kukho elikhulu kakhulu intsimi yombane solenoidal, nto leyo idala kwelona nqanaba eliphezulu (ukuya kwi-25 kV) kwindawo yesibini siya EMF ucinezelo coil, electrode yintlantsi plug eqwengiweyo. Le ombane phakathi kwabo ngokukhawuleza ufikelela ixabiso elaneleyo ngenxa yokuwa umsantsa zezulu, kwaye ke slips yintlantsi zombane ilunyekwa umxube amafutha-moya.

Oko luvulwa kwindlela ucinezelo?

Ngoko ke, i imoto. Yintoni na kwaye kutheni na efunekayo? Ngokufutshane, le fowuni, esinjongo ndimaphule wesekethe yangoku eziziiprayimari jiko ye Ikhoyili ngokwayo kakhulu elula ngalo mzuzu.

Xa i-stroke ezine yokuvutha kwangaphakathi injini, lo mzuzu kwenzeka ekupheleni kukubethwa ucinezelo (2 yokusebenza ezikuyo ICE), ngaphambi nje kokuba piston ifikelela ekuthiwa-iziko phezulu kwabafileyo (TDC), apho umgama ukusuka nayiphi na indawo kwi piston ukuya crankshaft ongu njengokujikeleza injini yokutsha lwangaphakathi esiphezulu. Ekubeni crankshaft yenza isetyhula nentshukumo ejikelezayo, indawo uphazamiseko yangoku ebotshelelwe ezinye kwindawo yayo ngaphambi kokuba afike kwabo kunye piston TDC sikhundla. I-engile ephakathi indawo crankshaft kunye moya nkqo kuthiwa ucinezelo ixesha. Kuyahluka degrees-1 ukuya kwi-30.

Njengoko imbali, lo mbuzo "Car Tshintsha: ntoni na?" - kufuneka ibe noxanduva, oko kuqala ngoomatshini, yaye kamva, njengoko kukho inkqubela kwezobugcisa, ungumgqithi ngekhompyutha kwi-coil ucinezelo.

siphu- Mechanical ucinezelo sivula

Eneneni, iswitshi sisixhobo yaziwa kutshanje kuphela, emva kokuba iye electronic ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa kuqala, ukususela ngowe-1910, xa imoto "Cadillac" wabonakala okokuqala inkqubo ucinezelo oluzenzekelayo, umsebenzi wayo kunye neminye imisebenzi yenziwa yi ngomzi (timer). Le mbini ke kwavela igama ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wakhe ezimbini kwinkqubo ucinezelo. Kwelinye icala, i yangoku eziziiprayimari jiko le coil ucinezelo kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuphazamisa - kungakho "yagcina". Kwelinye icala, ombane aphezulu kwemicimbi ye-coil ucinezelo kufuneka iye yasasazwa ilangatye iiplagi zonke iisilinda, kwaye ne-engile phambili ezinqwenelekayo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini isihloko yiyo - "zokusasaza".

Njengoko timer wayesebenza?

Full-ndlela ivelufa iqhutywa betshintshana yi shaft crankshaft ngaphakathi kuso ilungise plane Heating kunye ejikelezayo-isilayidi tokoraznosnoy ipleyiti ekupheleni kwayo. Ngu spring-zilayishwe ipleyiti izilayidi carbon ibhrashi eqhagamshelwe ombane aphezulu zoqhagamshelwano ephakathi inshorensi umhambisi le, nto leyo liqhagamshelene yesibini kwayijikeleza ye-coil ucinezelo. Tokoraznosnaya ipleyiti ezithile yokusondela zilahlwe kwi lwabafowunelwa esicikweni tramblera iingcingo ombane aphezulu ekhokelela ukuba avuse isayizi. Kweli nqanaba kwi ezizisekondari spool jiko kwenzeka ombane aphezulu, leyo lihlaba umsantsa umoya ezimbini: tokoraznostnoy phakathi imbasa kunye ucingo qha kule yintlantsi phakathi electrode ye yintlantsi.

Kwi shaft efanayo enyusiweyo cams, apho inani lilingana nenani iisilinda kunye ngamnye lunamaqoqo cam ivulwa ngaxeshanye abafowunelwa uqhagamshelwano oluthile yintlantsi interrupter ngoku zibandakanywa isekethi ucinezelo coil engathi zaseprayimari.

Ukuba phakathi abafowunelwa ukuba ungumgqithi musa ukuba iintlantsi xa evulekileyo, iqhagamshelwe eyayingqalene capacitor ophezulu umthamo. Xa uvula abafowunelwa ungumgqithi EMF wayenga eziziiprayimari siya kubangela ukuba yangoku ukungakuhlawulisi capacitor, kodwa ngenxa ombane wayo umthamo high lonke kuyo, yaye ngenxa yoko nokuvulwa contact, ungaphantsi umoya iyafa.

Kodwa kuthekani engile phambili?

Njengoko iyaziwa, kunye nokuhla amaza ukujikeleza crankshaft umxube kwi iziqulathi kufuneka kwanokubuyisela inxeba lalo ucinezelo e kamva, nje phambi kokuba TDC, ie, ucinezelo angela kufuneka incitshiswe. Kwelinye icala, ngokwandisa isantya ojikeleza ngaso kwi umxube ucinezelo stroke kufuneka phemba ekuseni, ngamanye phambili ukwanda-engile. I-timer owenza lo msebenzi alawulayo centrifugal zoomatshini kukhatshwa ukuya iswitshi cams lokuvula. Uye kuvuliwe nomphini ngomzi ukuze kungekudala kwi azigeqa kwajub ucinezelo ivula abafowunelwa ukuba ungumgqithi mxube.

angle utshintsho Lead kuyimfuneko yaye rhoqo rhoqo xa umthwalo injini yahluka apha. Lo msebenzi wenziwa isixhobo olukhethekile - ucinezelo cleaner Regulator.

Ukubonakala iiswitshi yokuqala

Ekupheleni kwale 70s zenkulungwane yokugqibela kwacaca ukuba esiludumbo tramblera olubuthathaka kakhulu ukuba ungumgqithi qha, apho kwakuqukuqela umsinga yokuqala epheleleyo. Zizitshise rhoqo phakathi nangaphandle ukuze. Ngoko ke, lo isicombululo lokuqala utshintsho electronic wesiphaluka ekhethekileyo ukuphazamisa zangoku coil. Xa nomphambili wayo ezinjengeetheminali beesekethe ombane Low kwakukho iingcingo esukela kulimo oluqhelekileyo zoqhagamshelwano umaphuli tramblera. Ngoku, ke, loo nto abafowunelwa waphazamiseka ekhoyo iyonke ye-coil ucinezelo, kwaye ngoku encinane iswitshi yokufaka wesekethe.

Eneneni ukuzitshintshela electronic iye ngokokwakheka lwenzelwe njengeyunithi ezahlukileyo enxulumene (ngesicelo umqhubi) ukuya timer zoqobo. Le nkqubo ucinezelo kuthiwa i emeyili. Yena waba zithandwa kakhulu 80s zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Nanamhlanje usenokubona iimoto zixhotyiswe nayo.

Ukuqhuba inkqubo yekhompyutha zoqhagamshelwano utshintsho eyenzekayo transistors.

Inyathelo elilandelayo - ukwala akawaphuli zoqhagamshelwano

Qhagamshelana full nokuba ifomu esezantsi-ngoku, isetyenziswa ukuqhagamshelana kunye nenkqubo ucinezelo ngekhompyutha, ihlala iqhina-ethe kakhulu. Ngoko ke, automakers baye benza iinzame kakhulu ukuphelisa kuyo. La malinge isithsaba ngempumelelo emva kokudalwa kwi non-contact isivamvo-umhambisi ngokwesiseko woluvo Hall.

Ngoku, endaweni cams eziliqela shaft umhambisi waqalisa ukufaka kumgongxo screen zezindlu kunye nemivalo kunye slits therebetween, emasikwini inani kwiindawo zokubeka oyimfama lilingane nenani cylinder yenjini. Amakhethini Slots screen ihamba kuloo mhlaba otsalayo yimveliso umazibuthe esisigxina, bagqitha probe iHolo elincinane. Logama nje ihamba ophelileyo ikhuselo lomkhusane, le ombane imveliso womenzi woluvo iHolo engekhoyo. Xa shutter ithathwa noqhoqhoqho kunye woluvo Hall busebenze yekhompyutha ombane ukubetha isusiwe, ebonisa imfuneko ukuphazamisa yangoku eziziiprayimari jiko ye-coil ucinezelo. Le ombane ukubetha sisasazwa ngocingo ukuvala i iswitshi zangoku kwi coil ucinezelo, apho pre-ziyanyuswa yaye emva koko kusetyenziswa ukulawula izinto eziphambili ibakala amandla utshintshayo.

Enye ngumfuziselo isivamvo sakufutshane yi iyunithi umhambisi kunye isivamvo zokukhanyisa, lisetyenziswa apho phototransistor, endaweni umazibuthe abasisigxina endaweni woluvo iHolo - LED. Le woluvo kokugcina uba screen ejikelezayo kunye iingcango nemivalo.

Inkangeleko iswitshi ngokwayo

Ngoko ke, kwindlela ucinezelo licwecwe endaweni enye tramblera zoqhagamshelwano baba iiyunithi ezahlukeneyo ezimbini: sakufutshane (kodwa ombane kuphela low) isivamvo-ndlela nokufakelwa utshintsho elektroniki. Umsebenzi ukwabiwa ombane eliphezulu yintlantsi iiplagi kwi woluvo-kaloliwe nangoku wenza umtyibilikisi ngoomatshini rotary nge plate tokoraznosnoy.

Nendlela yokulawula angle badubula? Le misebenzi nangoku eyenziwa nabalawuli centrifugal kunye ongenawo njengenxalenye igeyiji-zokusasaza. Ngoku Eyokuqala lawo athe cams kwi shaft akakho, ngokutshintsha shutter ikhusi, ngaloo ndlela ukutshintsha engile ucinezelo. I-Regulator ezincamathelayo unalo ikhono ukushenxisa woluvo Hall nge plate yayo exhaswa, nayo Ngokutshintsha engile.

Njengoko oku kungasentla, lo mbuzo: "Le moto switch mihla:? Yintoni" - kufuneka banikwe impendulo oko kukuthi ngokokwakheka inkqubo licwecwe ucinezelo unit electronic eyahlukileyo.

Ukwala zokusasaza aphezulu ombane

I mde iswitshi ugcina lombhobho umhambisi ombane aphezulu ngoomatshini ukuba yintlantsi. Eyona umdla kukuba le node waba ethembekileyo ngokwaneleyo kwaye hayi ukuba izikhalazo ngaphezulu. Kodwa ixesha na ukuma ngxi, yaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, udibaniso yesekethe iswitshi unenzondelelo iinguqulelo ezininzinzi kweli elilandelayo.

Xa cars mihla nabangekhoyo unikezelo aphezulu ombane ukusuka kwenye coil ukuya amakhandlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba 'bande "ngokwalo lale kunye njengomncedisi steel ikhandlela cylinder nganye. Ngoku, endaweni qha ziguquka ilangatye ombane aphezulu luyenziwa licwecwe usuke of jiko ngenxa ombane aphantsi. Kakade ke, oku nzima wesiphaluka switch, kodwa ke amathuba loyilo yesekethe mihla ibanzi kakhulu.

Kwizithuthi mihla kunye iinjini inaliti Tshintshela zilawulwa nokuba ezimeleyo iyunithi yolawulo iimoto, okanye ikhompyutha ekwinqwelo. Ezi ulawulo crankshaft zihlalutywe isantya ujikelezo nje kuphela, kodwa iindidi nezinye iparameters eziphawula amafutha kunye njengesipholisi, lobushushu amacandelo ahlukeneyo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo kwabo ngexesha elililo kwaye utshintshe nasekulungiseni ucinezelo ixesha.

amaphutha shintsha

Eyona zixhaphakileyo ngoomatshini ukusilela tramblera kukho imbalela abafowunelwa bakhe: zombini abafowunelwa yintlantsi mobile eliphezulu-ombane. Ukuze oku akuzange kwenzeke (ubuncinane hayi kakhulu ngokukhawuleza), kufuneka ahlole rhoqo kubo, ukuba kwasekwa idipozithi, oko kuyimfuneko ukususa iifayile ngenaliti okanye sandpaper entle.

Ukuba capacitor ezinengxaki eqhagamshelwe ngokunxuseneyo ukuya abafowunelwa ukuba ungumgqithi, okanye resistor kwisekethe i electrode ombane aphezulu engundoqo, ukuze kutshintshwa.

Ukungasebenzi le iswitshi ngekhompyutha ebangelwa kukuphanza iHolo woluvo pulses msindo okanye ukuyivula coil yangoku ngokufanayo yaphathwa, ngokuba utshintsho akwenziwanga yokusonga. Kulo mzekelo, njengoko umthetho, iyunithi Zineemposiso ithathwa nje indawo entsha.

Indlela ukukhangela iswitshi?

Ukuba isantya injini bangenzi lutho "edadayo", okanye zokuthengisela on the go, okanye ukubaleka, khangela phambi yintlantsi ukusuka ngomzi ucinezelo oludityaniswe kwiHolo woluvo nekhandlela. Ukuze wenze oku, ukhulule ukuba ukunxiba iminqwazi broneprovodov, wabeka amakhandlela kwi "ubunzima" kunye "spin" crankshaft starter. Ukuba akukho yintlantsi okanye ibuthathaka, kufuneka ugqithele iswitshi.

Kodwa ukuba bahlole iswitshi? Kuyimfuneko ukuba buguqulelwe ucinezelo kwi uze uvavanye ngayo inaliti voltmeter leyo baphambuke. Ukuba uneswitshi KULUNGILE, ngoko ke kufuneka athambise ngokwamanqanaba amabini. utolo Kuqala zisendaweni isikhundla eliphakathi apho kukho kuhlala imizuzwana 2-3, emva koko uyaqhubeka kumjikelo wokugqibela (ngokulinganisa) indawo. Ukuba utolo kuthatha ngoko nangoko kwindawo yayo yokugqibela, unga zama ukubuyisela iswitshi.

Ukuhlobanisa yokukhanyisa

Indlela ukudibanisa iswitshi kwinkqubo ucinezelo licwecwe? Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba terminal block waso eziqhagamshelene iingcingo ezimbini ukuya ezinjengeetheminali "B" yaye "K" le coil ucinezelo, ucingo ezintathu-yokubopha kunye isinxibelelanisi - ukuya woluvo Hall woluvo-umsasazi kunye ucingo single - ukuba "ubunzima". Esibulalayo "+" uqhagamshele kumphathi wesekethe ibhetri switsha kwi terminal "B" le coil.