Opilkobeton: uhlola abakhi. ezindongeni Monolithic opilkobetona

Le nto yenziwe components ekhuselekileyo, ecocekileyo zendalo (opilkobetona ukubunjwa: isanti, isamente, chips iinkuni). Ezinomthamo lwe lokufaka ephilayo (iitshiphusi), iibhloko ezinjalo kufuneka okulungileyo isandi ukufunxa intsebenzo kunye nenqanaba eliphantsi conductivity thermal. Xa parameters zayo, le nto iyavumelana ngokupheleleyo ngeenkuni ngoko inika microclimate esemgangathweni kwindawo zokuhlala.

Ukwenza ezakho izandla zakho

opilkobetona leebloko ayikwazi kuphela nazo, kodwa ukwenza yawo, ukuze wenze oku kufuneka:

• lokufaka eziphilayo ezifana chips ngomthi okanye kwimbuphu yesarha;
• alumina sulphate okanye yekalika;
• Portland kuqinise M300;
• amanzi;
• kunye neeminerali, oko kukuthi, waterglass, calcium chloride, sodium sulfate kunye ammonium acid.

Opilkobeton uyakwazi azakubalulwa ukwakheka kunye nobuchwepheshe yokulungiselela, umxholo kwezithako izimbiwa kunye yokuhlanganisa. Ukuze kwandiswe amandla, enjengentlabathi ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo.

Imveliso opilkobetona olwenziwe ngokwezi nkqubo zilandelayo:

• ukuxuba pre-Walinganisa Ingakanani intlabathi, isamente, ikalika lokufaka;
• kwi isitya ngamanzi ukunyibilika yonke kunye neeminerali wavelisa;
• isisombululo ebe ilungiselelwa, ukuze nongeze umxube uzilungiselele owomileyo;
• ukwakhiwa yonke ngokugqibeleleyo kuxutywe.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba izakhi uzilungiselele kufuneka ivuthu- esandleni sakho. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukongeza yokuhlanganisa kwakhona bonke kakuhle. Uqiniso kunye neeyunithi yokuqaqadeka abaqeqeshiweyo kade, ukuze babuthelana amandla abo, kufuneka uthathe iinyanga ezimbalwa.

Njengomgaqo, unako ukuvelisa amatye ngobukhulu ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe kulo mbandela. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka ube kwiimo ezikhethekileyo ukuba abe ezantsi asuswayo. Emva koko ke bathulula maleko balungisa umxube narhoqo ubunjwe, emva kokugqitywa lonke ikhefu eziyimfuneko eziya kumthulula. Ngaphezu koko, iibhloko kufuneka zisuswe size sithunyelwe kwindawo oko ungafumani imitha yelanga kunye ukunyakama, apho ekugqibeleni zastynut kwaye uya kufumana amandla kuyimfuneko.

imithetho lemveliso

Ukuze wenze opilkobeton esemgangathweni, kufuneka ulandele imithetho ethile;

1. Kwimbuphu yesarha idityaniswe namanzi emva kuphela xa ngokucokisekileyo engumxube nesanti yokuhlanganisa ngendlela owomileyo. Ke amanzi aqukuqela kuphela iinxenye ezincinane ifanele lokunkcenkceshela enemingxuma emincinci.
2. Okungundoqo ukongeza amanzi ithathwa ngokuba mali yayo, ukususela ukunqongophala kwayo kuya baphanga. Kwaye xa kukho imali ngokugqithiseleyo - wokwaphusa kunye lukhuni angeke engalunganga.
3. Ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba ukujonga umgangatho kweziyobisi. Ukuba yonke into yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo, i-ucinezelo entendeni umbandela angawi ngaphandle kwaye uya kunika nokufuma lula.
4. Xa pack eso sinyangekile ngokupheleleyo, likumyinge kufuneka ngaphezulu kakuhle ngeenxa zonke isamente okanye udongwe. Le formwork asuswe emva ziya kubanjwa iintsuku ezi-5.
5. Ukuze bandise nokuphila iindonga le nto, ungakwazi esikhundleni udaka ngenxa ejongene izitena.

mfanelo

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zokwakha, zisetyenziselwa ukwakha izindlu, phakathi kwabo ngokukodwa bekela opilkobeton, leyo zinezibonelelo yayo ezizodwa:

• ezi okubonakalayo kunganxulunyaniswa kudidi eziphathekayo ezilula;
• izinto ukuba iipropati ngokwaneleyo elungileyo usambathisa thermal;
• donga evela iibhloko ezinjalo-40 cm conductivity yayo thermal ngokulula kuthelekiswa isitena Ebubanzini bodonga ka -1 m;
• ukusebenza yokwambathisa isandi iphezulu kakhulu kunalowo ngekhonkrithi eqhelekileyo;
• Le nto luphawulwa nokumelana iqabaka, iyawulwa umlilo kwaye umphunga wamanzi permeability (it zingamelana ka-1100-1200 degrees malunga 2.5 iiyure), nto ke leyo ebangele kokwabo iqela arhente kade-zivutha;
• imvelo;
• kuzo zonke iintlobo ngekhonkrithi ezilula has a conductivity thermal ephantsi kakhulu.

Zonke ezi mpawu ezintle kuye opilkobeton. Ukuphonononga abakhi zibonisa ukuba le nto iyafumaneka nezingeloncedo, eziquka hygroscopicity. ukufakwa Amanzi ivela-8 ukuya ku-12%. Kodwa le ethile nga ncitshiswa. iindonga lwangaphandle lwenziwa nge ngezitena nakanjani ezinye indlela yokwenza ekupheleni olungaphambili, ngaloo ndlela ukukhusela iindonga singaweli ukufuma kwemfuneko.

Phambi kokuba chips yemveliso opilkobetona ukuqhubekekiswa ngokuyimfuneko ezaqanjwa mathumbu amanzi apho kuya kunciphisa yokusebenza hygroscopic.

Kucingwa Kubalulekile ukuba le nto ngokulula kubonelelwa ngomshini, ngoko ngexesha kusakhiwa iindonga akayi kuba eninzi inkunkuma.

ngezigaba

Njengazo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zokwakha, iibhloko opilkobeton uyakuthobela GOST 6133-99. Bona zihlelwa ngokungqinelana ezinjalo iparameters:

1. Ukusetyenziswa:

• yenzelwe ukwakha iindonga ngaphakathi langaphandle;
• iindawo ulwahlulo zisetyenziswa kuphela ukwakha iindonga hlulo.

2. Imilo:

• ezibuhlazarha - ngaye imingxuma leyo akhiwa inkqubo yokuvelisa (oku kwenziwa ukuze anike iyunithi yokusebenza efunekayo);
• izabelo udonga okanye ulwahlulo ezingenawo benesithukuthezi zangaphakathi - ngokupheleleyo-eyomeleleyo.

3. Ubukhulu:

• ngokungqinelana noMthetho GOST ngasentla, ngokuba ukubeka izitena beendonga babe le milinganiselo ilandelayo: 288h138h138 mm 288h288h138 mm 290h190h188 mm 390h190h188 mm 90h190h188 mm kunye 190h190h188 mm;
• ubungakanani amalungu hlulo lendlela: 390h90h188 mm 590h90h188 mm 190h90h188 mm.

Kwakhona kuyenzeka imveliso iibhloko kunye nezinye ineenkalo ezifunekayo.

iindleko

ilitye ngomthi, umthi nelitye, njengoko ibizwa ngokuba opilkobeton, naye eziphathekayo kakhulu cheap. Opilkobeton, ixabiso apho esezantsi, uthathwa ukuba ezingabizi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto. Ngokomzekelo, omnye iyunithi eludongeni wokulinganisa 390h190h188 mm akhutshwa isanti kunye nokuhlolwa akukho bathengi malunga nama-23 engange. Stone, ngubani nemilinganiselo efanayo, kodwa wenziwe opilkobetona, kuya kuba kubiza ngo 3-4 engange, kwaye ngexesha elinye ngayo elula ngakumbi ifudumele.

Hi ndlela leyi, xi nga indawo izitena-7 (iindleko omnye - 5-7 engange). Kulula ukubala ukuba eludongeni ngomxube esisesweni kunye ngekhonkrithi iya kuba amaxesha 2.5 ngaphantsi ibiza ngezitena. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ukwakha ibhokisi indlu 8 sasiziimitha 8 kuya kufuneka izitena-20,000, umnini kuya kufuneka ukuba uhlawule imali engange-140 amawaka kuphela amatye, isixa-mali efanayo ukuhlawula iinkosi wamatye kunye engange 40,000 zesanti isamente. Ukuba sisebenzisa opilkobeton, ixabiso izakhiwo ezinjalo ziya zisukela engange-100 ukuya amawaka 150. Vuma, inzuzo ebambekayo.

Ezinokuthelekiswa kunye nezinye izinto opilkobeton: ixabiso ngalinye cubic meter izitena ziya kuba ngaphezu kwiindleko cube block enamagumbi amaxesha 3, cube ilitye yendalo - amaxesha-2, enamagumbi ibloko - ngamaxesha 1,5.

technology lokuvelisa

Ukwenzela ukulungiselela kakuhle opilkobeton, lo mlinganiselo kufuneka babonwe ngokungqinelana iresiphi. Zonke izithako zingathengwa kuyo nayiphi na ivenkile yokwakha. Isiseko ke iitshiphusi, pine, kwimbuphu yesarha okanye nayiphi na inkunkuma evela kumashishini iinkuni processing. Ukulungiselela amatye amanqaku M20 kufuneka athathe 200 kg zesamente, 50 kg nodongwe kunye lime, 500 kg zesanti ne 200 kg esisesweni.

amacandelo ngokwenza iibhloko iinkuni kuyimfuneko ukuba anele na, yaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, oko ngakumbi emphefumlweni. Kuba sieving kufuneka kungawi nokhozo 10x10 mm. Emva koko ke izithako bakulungele hlala iityuwa ukususa isiphumo esibi kwezinto ezineswekile ezakha iinkuni lokufaka ukuya ilitye lwesamente. Ezifana ukumitha ukunika iipropati izinto zomelele nokukhusela ukulimala kunye fungi ukubola. Ukuze ezi njongo zinokusetyenziswa isodiyam sulphate, ikalika, calcium chloride, aluminiyam, isodiyam, potassium okanye iglasi yamanzi.

Opilkobeton gama axovula, olinganise ezithe ilandelwe ngokuchanekileyo, intle into Umxhubi ikhonkrithi okanye nayiphi na enye Umxhubi efanayo, njengoko iwisa isebenze nzima ngokwaneleyo. Woody lokufaka oluxutywe yesamente nesanti, lime idityaniswa emva (udongwe) kwaye kwakhona yonke intlama ixutywe ngokupheleleyo. Ke izabelo ezincinane kufuneka wongeze amanzi. Emva koko ixutywe intlama leyo.

Ukuze kubonwe ukuba okanye hayi umxube ilungele, kufuneka yayama esandleni sakho. Lo mxube ogqityiweyo ukuba ingathatyathwa ihlwili elastic ngaphandle ukufuma kwemfuneko. Ubunzima uzilungiselele kufuneka kwandiswa ngokulandela le fom ngocoselelo ubunjwe emoyeni kwemfuneko waphuma ngokupheleleyo. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza, kuba emva kweeyure 1.5, umxube sele ibekwe.

Iimfuno engqongqo ukuze ubungakanani kunye nemilo ayikho iibhloko ezilungiselelwe. Ubungakanani Ububanzi amaninzi ichazwe iindonga, ukuphakama okanye iphinda lemiqolo ezininzi yezitena (sicinga therebetween isisombululo). Oku kuya kuba ngakumbi lula xa isiphelo kuya kuthelekiswa opilkobeton izitena buKristu. Ukuphonononga abakhi zibonisa ukuba akukho mfuneko ukwenza iibhloko elikhulu kunene, njengoko iya kuba lide kakhulu ukuba zome, kwaye deformation shrinkage ephawulekayo. Ukuze siphephe ezinjalo iimbandezelo, benza a imingxuma ezimbalwa. Kuba imveliso amatye amakhulu walungisa elinye okanye kabini.

okusemandleni ukusebenzisa iifom unokuhluthiswa ukusuka amatye-4 ukuya 9 ngobukhulu block amancinci. Manufacturing zabo ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa ibhodi ubukhulu ka-30 mm, ngoko ke obbivayut inkcenkce, iplastiki umboniso, iplastiki, ilinoliyam, okanye ezinye izinto, le adhesion kunye zesamente eya kuba kubi. Ngaphandle wangenwa ifomu P-evulwa kunye nuts emancamini. Izakhiwo ezinkulu kufuneka ukunika ubuhlobo ezongezelelweyo okanye ubambo.

reviews

Kutshanje, ngokufuthi lisetyenziswa kwi ukwakhiwa elisezantsi kunye neemali-eziphathekayo ezikumgangatho ophezulu njengoko opilkobeton. Izimvo abakhi, abadla ukusebenza naye ukuqinisekisa izinto zalo eziphambili. Ezi ziquka:

• ukhuseleko Environmental. Le nto yenziwe amacandelo kuphela zendalo (kwintlabathi, kwimbuphu yesarha, isamente), baze ngokwenjenjalo zinika nobuhlobo yalo phezulu kokusingqongileyo.
• Ngokwemiqathango umphunga wamanzi permeability kunye nokufunxwa onokuthelekiswa iinkuni.
• Yena idibana ngokupheleleyo imigangatho yococeko nesempilweni.
• Ngenxa conductivity ephantsi wobushushu umbandela, kunye imigodi ekuwo, endlwini opilkobetona ifudumale ngokwaneleyo.
• share encinci kungaphungula imali yokuhamba nofakelo iziseko.
• Lula inkqubo lula kakhulu ukwakhiwa. iibhloko ezinjalo kufuneka aqingqwe, akunakumbiwa kulula kakhulu, yaye akuyi kuba nzima kwixesha elizayo ukuqhuba isikhonkwane endaweni eludongeni opilkobetona.
• Le nto iye amandla aphezulu yokugoba akhululeke.

Nangona zonke iingenelo, ukususela abakhi uyakwazi ukuva izimvo embi ngale nto. Bobubi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• Inqanaba eliphezulu noko ukufakwa kwamanzi, nto leyo endinga amanyathelo ezongezelelweyo zokuzikhusela ibingenakunyakama.
• Kukho imfuneko ukwandisa isiqulatho isamente i kwibhloko kulwakhiwo imigangatho eziliqela. Oku kwandisa ixabiso, ngokonakala yokwambathisa ukunyusa iimfuno isiseko amandla.
• Kukho iqondo eliphezulu noko shrinkage, leyo nzima umsebenzi phezu iphele.

Indlela ukwakha indlu ngaphandle iibhloko

House opilkobetona kuzo zonke zezempilo kuya kuba kuhle iimpawu isandi yokwambathisa kunye nokukhuselwa nobushushu. Ngenxa inani elikhulu pores moya lowo ngaphakathi umbandela, iindonga ziya ngokuqinileyo kugcina ubushushu ukuqinisekisa umoya zendalo kwizakhiwo, ngokwenjenjalo egcina ukufuma ngokupheleleyo.

Ukusuka opilkobetona ukufumana mali ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukwakha indlu (ixabiso amaxwebhu axilongwe kuthi ngasentla). Ukongeza, izitena, ngaphandle kokuba uyakwazi kuthenga kuyo nayiphi na ivenkile yentsimbi, kulula ukuba uzenze. Kufuneka wazi ukuba le nto kufuneka azilungiselele kwangaphambili ngenxa ekubekeni, ukuba wena ngokwakho. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka koma kangangeenyanga eziliqela.

kutshanje Kuye ithandwa ukwakha zabucala, esebenzisa iibhloko ezinobukhulu obahlukileyo kuba, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno. Iindonga zempahla ekrwada ziya kuba ngokwaneleyo namandla, ukukhanya kunye maloteploprovodnye. Ukuba zakhiwe kakuhle, baya zihlala ixesha elide kakhulu.

Njengokuba besesitshilo ngasentla, opilkobeton inomthamo high ukufuma. Ngenxa emva ukwakhiwa kodonga kokutyatyekwa kuyimfuneko, kodwa bakhetha emva shrinkage ngokupheleleyo (kule nkqubo iya kuthabatha malunga-8 iinyanga).

Bati evela opilkobetona, njengoko indlu, ukuba ibe namandla, ngoko qiniseka ukubethelela udonga abasuke ngomthi okanye iintsasa, elingaphambili nyulu ukusuka amaxolo. valve okulungiselelweyo zibekwe zonke 40 cm imiqolo eziliqela. Kulo mzekelo, ingqalelo kakhulu kufuneka ihlawulwe iikona kwaye neendonga amaqabane.

Iingcebiso eziluncedo ukuba iibhloko zokwakha

Inani elikhulu amagcisa ngomsebenzi wabo ngokusebenzisa opilkobeton. Izimvo abakhi kwale nto elungileyo kakhulu kwaye kuya kuba luncedo ukuba ufuna yokuyenza ngokwakho. Ukuze kuveliswe iiyunithi ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo inani lezindululo:

• ukuba owomileyo ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwesidingo ukushiya izithuba;
• kokuba ukusebenzisa izinto zibe ngumngundo ukuba zibekwe phezu neengcedevu wafefa nge maleko ubhityileyo esisesweni;
• lo mxube kufuneka utywinwe kakuhle, ngenxa yale njongo, abakhi badla sebenzisa isandla-rammer;
• iibhloko owomileyo ukulungele ngcono idrafti, ngenxa yokuba eli xesha setting kuyehla;
• asimele silibale ukuba ukuze imvula, ukuba akukho ikhusi, kufuneka alungiselele polyethylene ngexesha kugubungela umbandela kwimeko yemozulu embi.

Ukuze ufumanise ukuba strong umbandela onesiphumo, kunokwenzeka ukuqhuba olu vavanyo. Le yunithi uzilungiselele lehla ukusuka kubude 1 m, ukuba ayitshintshanga - yiyo, umgangatho kulungile.

Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu monolithic

Namhlanje ingqalelo zokwakha nendlela kakhulu lula ngokukhawuleza. Masters wayedla opilkobeton monolithic. Kuba ukwakhiwa kwale hlobo kufuneka ubeke phezu isiseko amanzi ngeengcamba ezimbini engumxube ezifulelwe. Kwimeko isiseko eliphantsi kugqiba inani lemiqolo ngezitena wamatye. Emva koko imvelaphi inyuselwa impahla formwork elinokuba sheets intsimbi, iibhodi, ngamaplanga ngamanzi.

Ukuphakama iingweletshetshe kufuneka ifakwe malunga nama-60 cm. Okwangoku le ukuthululwa icala lokuqala umaleko isiseko kwi kwezibonda emhlabeni ucingo yonke ukuphakama iindonga. Ukhethe izinto ngokuba izihlangu exineke phakathi iindawo ecaleni isiseko, uze nezikhonkwane ukuba kudityaniswe ngamnye nezinye iinyama ezo nemivalo, ezo zimi kumacala ahlukeneyo eludongeni, esebenzisa retaining wire.

Ekupheleni yokugcwalisa iiphegi kufuneka bahlale phakathi kweendonga, kwaye ziya kusetyenziswa iibhodi ukulungiswa ngexesha lobeko lwe formwork nasemva zokwakha ziza kugqitywa njenge yabucala - ukuba sibe nako ukuwubamba battens e nayo.

Lo mxube uzilungiselele obegalelwe ungqameko opilkobetona, ukuphakama ongadluli-15 cm, uze emva koko zilinganisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngelo xesha omnye udonga banokuvuselwa kuphela 20-30 cm, emva kokuba imfuneko yokwenza ikhefu iintsuku 5-7. Zonke 40 cm lengthwise kufuneka luqiniswe abasuke ngomthi okanye umnatha zentsimbi.

Emva kokuba igqityiwe ukuvala, ibhanti sisiba phezu womthi, eziya kusebenza kwakhona inkxaso beengxenye eliseluphahleni. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukukhusela iindonga ezintsha ibingenakunyakama. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uphahla elizayo kwenziwa kunye nezixhobo zokukhabela ububanzi, yaye olungaphambili isale.

Not imali eninzi kakhulu ukwakha indlu. ixabiso Opilkobetona yamkelekile ukuba ngummi avareji lizwe lethu. Ukwakhiwa Ndokukhonza iminyaka emininzi, neendonga zaso, wakha kulo mbandela musa ifuna yokugquma thermal, nomsebenzi wamatye ka-40 cm ziya kunika ukhuselo kukugodola, nkqu ngokwamazinga -35.