Network protocol - yintoni na le nto? Izivumelwano inethiwekhi Basic

Kutshanje, umbutho kothungelwano local zifuna ukusetyenziswa mandatory lwe protocol echanekileyo. Le akhethe kube nefuthe kwiindidi iikhompyutha bangathungelana kuyo. Namhlanje, ingxaki efanayo iye yaphela. Modern network TCP IP indawo yonke eyayikho ngaphambili. It is a isisombululo iphela enokusetyenziswa kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yokusebenza.

lwesigama

Protocol Network - lulwimi elasekwa apho inkqubo yonxibelelwano. Ugqithiso lwedata na intshukumo loqukuqelo bit nge intambo. Ngoko wafika ikhompyutha wetekeni uwusondeza ngohlobo data, oko kufuna iseti ethile imithetho. Ukuba babhalisiwe kule elandelwayo eqhelekileyo. Ngazo ngokuqhelekileyo bathi babe izinga yokwakha. Indlela ukuyiqonda le nto? Kukho umaleko ngokwasemzimbeni, nto leyo uluhlu lwe nkcazelo, umzekelo, uya kuba yintoni na intambo yombane, ububanzi emithanjeni yayo, kunye nezinye iparameters. Masithi ke intambo elungileyo. Emva koko, le iipakethi data iya kuthunyelwa kuye. Ke ezinye iikhompyutha aya kuzo? Ke umsebenzi ofike umaleko link data, kwaye header zepakethe ikhankanya idilesi bomashini nganye - inani elithile ethungelwe kuzo ikhadi womnatha. Ibizwa Mac-idilesi.

inethiwekhi sabaphathi

Link layer kuvela Ethernet. Le mpahla iqulathe uluhlu yemida echazwe ezichaza hlobo yayo. Ezi umsebenzi ngqo hlobo, kunye nesiqulatho yabo libhekisela umaleko kwinethiwekhi. Kukho Izivumelwano zimbini ziqhelekileyo: ARP, nenoxanduva lokuguqula IP-iidilesi kwi Mac, kunye IP-protocol ngokwayo. Kuyenzeka ukuba isakhiwo IP-packet. Yonke idatha leyo ikhutshelwa ngoncedo sele ithunyelwe idilesi womnatha ngqo. Le iphakheji inani ngohlobo elikhankanyiweyo, ichaza udidi protocol.

Avamise kakhulu iintlobo ezimbini: zeTCP, kunye UDP. Phakathi kwazo kukho umahluko othile owakhiwa yokuba owokuqala unezinga eliphezulu kukuthembeka, kuba xa uthumela zepakethe kuyo qho ithumela isicelo irisithi yayo. Owesibini womnatha protocol - sisixhobo imidlalo, umzekelo, xa ukumamela irediyo Internet. Kucingelwa ukuba athumele iipakethi ngaphandle nayiphi na into ekuhloleni irisithi zabo. Xa efika, uya kuba nakho ukumamela irediyo, kwaye ukuba akunjalo - akukho sizathu ekutshekisheni iliso.

ukunikezelwa Iimpawu iphakheji

Le iphakheji Qinisekisa ukuba ukhankanye inani lezibuko, nto uthumela. Ngokwesiqhelo, le iparameter emiselwe uhlobo protocol kwinqanaba isicelo - ngokuxhomekeke isicelo, apho ulwazi ngqo. Ungasebenzisa amazibuko ezingekho semgangathweni kunye neenkonzo, akukho namnye uyakwalela kuyo. Imithetho elandelwayo womnatha yaziwa kakhulu kule meko le HTTP ne POP3. Ufumana emigangatho phakheji ezazihlala. Le Ethernet-package olungisiweyo kwi IP, TCP engakumbi okanye i UDP, kwaye ngoko ke idatha swi isicelo esithile.

iimpawu ezinika

Network protocol, ngokuchaseneyo protocol transfer data akuxhomekekanga ebotshelelwe isixhobo esithile. ukuphunyezwa kwenzeka software, ukuze ukwazi ukufaka kwaye susa nangaliphi na ixesha.

IP kunye TCP / IP

Le protocol womnatha akuxhomekekanga kuphela kusetyenziswa kwi Internet, kodwa ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yokusebenza. Nguye lo izithuthi kunye nothungelwano umaleko, kangangokuba iiyunithi ugqithiso lwedata. iminyaka emininzi kakhulu ukuba kusetyenziswa kuphela uthungelwano UNIX-, yaye ngoku i-intanethi iye ikhule kakhulu ngokukhawuleza, lo protocol womnatha IP iye yasetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke uhlobo lothungelwano computer wendawo. Okwangoku oko lisebenza protocol ephambili ukuba uninzi iinkonzo ezisebenza kwiinkqubo zokusebenza.

networks Local kunye ushintshele

Imithetho elandelwayo womnatha endala ifuna ulwazi ethile, kunye TCP / IP isetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi ezinjalo, abo abangazange ubone NICs. Ukufikelela kwi-intanethi nge imodem okanye umsebenzi womnatha wobulali kuqinisekiswa xa usebenzisa lo protocol efanayo. Inkqubo kokulungisa uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kuhlobo umchiza esetyenzisiweyo kule nkqubo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba Izivumelwano womnatha umaleko yahlukile wonke umntu, noseto womnatha okanye nge i modem, kakhulu, kufuneka kujonge izinto ezithile. uqhagamshelo Dial-up ingcono yokufaka yoqwalaselo oluzenzekelayo le nkqubo, nto leyo oyinikwe ngumniki. Kungenjalo, kufuneka ufake ngesandla zonke iparameters eziyimfuneko. Unga kwakhona imithetho elandelwayo womnatha esisiseko.

I IPX protocol

Ikhithi waphuhliswa Novell ezakusetyenziselwa yayo kwinkqubo yokusebenza NetWare. IPX ifana inxalenye ku TCP / IP, oko kukuthi, oku kuquka ezinye imithetho elandelwayo ze zepakethe, kodwa le nkampani zikhuselwe copyright yayo. Noko ke, Microsoft udale protocol leyo njengengangquzulaniyo naloo esilungiselelwe yokusebenza iinkqubo ze usapho Windows. IPX i protocol womnatha into efanayo ngokwemigaqo ye IP ezisebenzayo. SPX - sisixhobo umaleko zothutho, yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa utshintshiselwano lweenkcukacha zepakethe phakathi koomatshini ezahlukeneyo.

Okwangoku, esi protocol lisetyenziswa kuphela uthungelwano neseva apho inguqulo endala NetWare. ukuba asoloko ehamba kunye esetyenziswa kunye ezinye iseti iprotocol womnatha. Ngoku ke inkampani Nowell zidluliselwe ngokupheleleyo entsha jikelele TCP / IP protocol.

NetBEUI

Le protocol womnatha lisetyenziswa networks ezincinane-ubungakanani. Ekuqaleni yaziswa kwi NT Windows 3.1, kwakunye iinguqulelo ezininzi kwe-nkqubo, apho kwabe uzakusetyenziswa kokungagqibekanga. Iinguqulelo ezintsha kweenkqubo indawo yi-TCP aqhelekileyo / IP. Le protocol ilula, awunazo izinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kwiimeko phambili ngakumbi. Asinto ezifanelekileyo yesango Exchange data. Kunokuba luncedo ukuba elula yoontanga ezidibene kwinethiwekhi, kodwa ngoku ke lowo ongazanga thaca component OS eziqhelekileyo, kufuneka ewamisela ngokwabo kunye disc.

NetBEUI - indlela elula ukwenza uqhagamshelwano ngentambo ngqo, kwaye kule ndlela ke protocol encinci nto leyo efunekayo ukuze kwakhiwe uthungelwano ad hoc kwi iinguqulelo 9x Windows.

iziphumo

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula imizuzwana ezithile. Okwangoku akukho nanye protocol womnatha. Bonke bephela ziyilelwe kunxibelelwano, kodwa elowo kubo imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, kukho eziluncedo nezingeloncedo xa kuthelekiswa nabanye. Ukusetyenziswa ngamnye kubo Ukwenza ubukho iimeko ezithile, ezo ngokuqhelekileyo emiselwe protocol. Xa ukhetha isisombululo kuyimfuneko ukuthembela olu khetho.