Capacitive sensor: izixhobo kunye siseko ukusebenza. abenzi boluvo Capacitive: yesicelo

kushishino Modern, kunye nemisebenzi yabantu yabantu ngemihla, kakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukucinga ngaphandle zonke iintlobo izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Ukuba asincede ngandlela zonke, kwaye eminye imisebenzi mveliso ukwenza ingaphumeleli ngaphandle kwazo. Kwabo 'nabancedisi' kufuneka ngokunjalo sibandakanye woluvo capacitive.

Ngoko wabiza converters ezenziwe uhlobo parametric. Lomlinganiselo ukwazile izixhobo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ukwahlukahlukana capacitance xa ukutshintsha ezithile iparameters ezibalulekileyo. Ngamafutshane, olu tshintsho elithelekelelwayo capacitance phantsi kwempembelelo kwezinye iimeko zangaphandle.

Lo mgaqo uyasebenza womenzi woluvo capacitive

Nantso into nabenzi boluvo capacitive. Umgaqo operation bengengabo nzima kangaka, kodwa ukuqonda kufuneka ukwazi into. Ukuqala kunye sikhumbula umgaqo izigqibo capacitance le capacitor. Eli nyathelo kubonakaliswa indlela kulandelayo:

C = εεₒS / δ.

Eli binzana yaziwa abaninzi kwikhondo physics zesikolo, kodwa ke Ndiyaqonda ayisoze inibulale ukuhlaziya inkumbulo yakho ukhumbule, nto leyo ethetha ngamnye yezahlukileyo:

• S - indawo kwamacwecwe capacitor.
• E - permittivity kuthelekiswa umbandela Heating ezisetyenziswa kuyilo capacitor.
• εₒ - njengokuba yemvelo ukuba ukubonisa permittivity isikhala khulula.
• δ - ngoko ke kutyunjwe okanye ububanzi kwipleyiti Heating, okanye umgama phakathi kwiiseli ezininzi eziphathekayo.

Ngoko ke, indlela ngasentla ukuba capacitance ukutshintsha ngokulula. Kwanele ngandlel 'ukuthobela indawo ipleyiti ngezixhobo Heating, umgama phakathi iipleyiti okanye ngqo ne permeability ezisetyenziswa eyimveliso eziphathekayo. Ngako oko, ukukhethwa ixabiso ethile kuxhomekeke kuphela uluhlu lwemisebenzi apho abathungi isixhobo owumisileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, nathi nokuba senze zincwadi Womenzi capacitive izandla zenu, ukuba sele eyakhayo bawujonga ayikho - capacitor njengesiqhelo caba okanye zezindlu, enye ipleyiti leyo rhoqo nazo intshukumo elawulwa emajukujukwini, nto leyo ekhokelela utshintsho capacitance. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba indlela ngasentla sisebenza kuphela ukuba ukungawenzi ngokupheleleyo iziphumo buthelezi. Siza kuthetha okungakumbi ngalo kwicandelo lokugqibela eli nqaku.

Kufuneka ukuba sixhobo elektroniki asetyenziswa ngokubanzi sokulinganisa ukushenxiswa emboxo kunye nemicwe izinto, ukubala ubungakanani, umsebenzi isicelo, ukufuma, abasuka into esebenzayo kunye nezinye iimpawu. Ngokuphathelele iinkalo noshowo lo mbuzo, wathi ngoko amabhali zenziwa moya-ngaxeshanye, xa housings zezindlu ne electrode pin, kunye ingaphakathi ngento Heating, kwaye ngaphandle kwayo.

Nantsi indlela yokusebenzisa abenzi capacitive. Umgaqo esebenza ngayo abanye babo kufuneka bazi ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu. Kweli nqaku sinika fomyula ukuba kunokuba luncedo kuwe.

Ifomula ukuchaza siseko ukusebenza kweentlobo ezithile abenzi boluvo

isivamvo Inqanaba ne ukutshintshatshintsha yesikwere amacwecwe Heating zingalula ngokufanelekileyo kunokwenzeka luchazwe ngokusebenzisa i equation ilandelayo:

C = εεₒaH / δ.

Xa "X" kule meko libhekisela ubude ukungqubana electrode ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ngokufanelekileyo, "a" Libonisa ububanzi amacwecwe le capacitor. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izixhobo ezo isetyenziswe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini, apho isetyenziswe kumlinganiselo echanekileyo amaxabiso emboxo. amandla transducer kwityala enjalo yafunyanwa athi kulandelayo:

C = εεₒ (r₂- r₁) / 2δ * (φₒ-φ).

Ukuze umlinganiselo ngokuchanekileyo inovakalelo, kufuneka usebenzise indlela eyahluke kancinane:

K = εεₒ (r₁ r₂-) / 2δ.

Makhe sibone oko kuthethwa ngabo izinto eziyinxalenye yezi zibalo:

• r₁ - radius engaphakathi amacwecwe ekondensa;
• r₂ - radius kumphandle kwipleyiti enye;
• φ - ilinganiswa mzuzu (abona bagqibileyo) Ixabiso angela ukudlulela;
• φₒ - ixabiso lokuqala angela ukudlulela.

Ekugqibeleni, sichaza ibinzana lwezibalo echaza isimiso ukusebenza kwe igeyiji capacitive kunye sithuba somoya adjustable:

C = εεₒS / (δₒ-X).

Predictably, clearance ephambili δₒ kakuhle, incwadi X ke imali ofanayo ukubana le nembasa. Ziqapheleni! Ekubeni iimpawu ezimile bengengabo yomgama ngqo, ngokokuqhelekileyo le woluvo inqanaba uhlobo esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukushenxiswa ezincinane kakhulu, nto leyo eya kuba ngaphezu 0,1δₒ nobungakanani. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zixhobo kakhulu ifuna kubunjineli ngqo, apho nkqu iimpazamo ezincinane kunokubangela iingxaki ezinkulu kakhulu.

ukuba kusetyenziswa phi na?

Iindawo isicelo kunokwenzeka zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, phantse onke amashishini ukwazi ukuhlangabezana ukusebenza, ezo zilawulwa yi kwezi zixhobo. Zisetyenziswa ukulawula kuzaliswa amatanki ezahlukeneyo, kwaye imixholo yazo inokuba ulwelo (isivamvo igesi), sukube okanye kwamaqondo eparticulate.

Ubukho zezinto ezenziwa luluntu mveliso mveliso kunye oluqhelekileyo ephakamileyo, kuthembeka ngakumbi yaye lula ukuyila izixhobo ezinjalo. Ukususela indibanisela yezi mpawu, ukuba kuhle kakhulu ukuba ingasetyenziswa naxa iimeko nolaka kakhulu ibamba zidlula ioli.

Ngaphezu koko, lo woluvo capacitive lungasetyenziswa uneswitshi umda kumgca yokuthutha okanye umatshini ivenkile lokuvelisa. Kuyimfuneko kunye yokubekwa lichaneke iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

abenzi boluvo proximity

Kodwa ngoku kwemfuno enkulu abenzi sakufutshane, ezenziwe ngqo lo mgaqo. Uluhlu lokusetyenziswa kwazo ingaphezulu ngokubanzi. Oku kungenxa izixhobo iindleko penny ukuba ungasebenza phantse zonke iindidi zamashishini. Nangona kunjalo, kukho icandelo ezazibekwa kuyo olu hlobo kwezixhobo zezona ethandwa:

• Ukulawulwa izikhongozeli ulwelo-ezaliswe ngaphaya eyenziwe ngeplastiki okanye ngeglasi.
• A umsebenzi ofanayo lwenziwa yi kubo nokuveliswa kwemveliso zokutya (kuquka abantwana), apho imveliso ogqityiweyo lupakishwa kwizikhongozeli ezenziwe ngezinto ngaphaya. Kumgaqo esekelwe kwaye umsebenzi bale njenge woluvo amafutha capacitive.
• Iliso kwiindawo ezinobungozi, apho kunokwenzeka uwaphule wire jiko.
• Lawula iindawo ezifanayo apho yokuthutha ibhanti carrier nako nokuba yonakele.
• Eyedwa ukulawula uhlobo eziveliswa (ukuguqulwa iinkonkxa, iibhotile, neepakethe ezithile).

Akumangalisi ke, ezi zobuchwepheshe ezivame kakhulu kwi lobunjineli ngqo, umbane kunye nezinye amashishini ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo abenzi boluvo.

inclinometers

Devices eziye ixhaphake kuphela kwiminyaka yakutshanje idlalwa inclinometer amancinci-ubungakanani capacitive enika transmission yombane uphawu lwe output kabani ubukhulu kuba umlinganiselo ngqo woluvo engile esetyenzisiweyo.

Intsimi luqhelekileyo enkulu yokusebenzisa ezi zixhobo: inkqubo platform ulungelelwaniso, nokuzimisela aphambuke kunye deformation yeentlobo ngeentlobo imiqadi inkxaso yobugcisa, kwakunye nolawulo ngqo yendlela, kaloliwe umkhondo ecaleni kwi ibakala ukwakhiwa kwayo.

Ngaphezu koko, besebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ukukhangela umqulu kwiilori enzima kunye nezinye izithuthi, bekwilift kunye ukumbiwa mveliso niqinisekise iqondo ukubana emboxo emishini zolimo nezeefektri lilikhulu.

capacitive kubaluleke kakhulu abenzi inqanaba amafutha kwishishini oyile. Bona usetyenziswa supertankers ekuhamba ngayo amashumi uhambo enye amakhulu amawaka eetoni iimveliso oli ecokisiweyo. Ezi zixhobo kakuhle kakhulu nkqu uluhlu oluninzi kakhulu condensate kunye iqondo eliphezulu kwindawo yemveliso uthuli (woluvo igesi efanayo).

Bafumanisa ukusebenzisa kwabo amaxabiso lomlinganiselo amanqanaba uxinzelelo ngokwenene isalamane kwakunye Ebubanzini umbandela Heating, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu phantse onke amashishini apho capacitors enamandla ngokwenene zisetyenziswa.

Eyona engundoqo eziluncedo abenzi boluvo capacitive

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba woluvo capacitive ineendlela ezininzi xa kuthelekiswa izixhobo ezifanayo enziwa kwimigaqo ngandlel ezahlukeneyo. Makhe badwelise izinto eziphambili kula kip:

• E mveliso, ukuba elula kakhulu. Ukongeza, izinto ezininzi elula cheap zinokusetyenziswa kwimveliso zabo. Nkqu abenzi inqanaba amafutha capacitive asetyenziswe neshishini le- petroleum izinto ezibalulekileyo linobungakanani eqhelekileyo kakhulu ukuba elona nqanaba lisezantsi kangangoko yokusebenzisa amandla ombane. Nazo zonke ezi mpawu, ahluke inqanaba ogqwesileyo onovakalelo, nto leyo edla ukulwenza izixhobo ezixabisa kakhulu.
• Enyanisweni, kunokuba zincwadi Womenzi capacitive izandla zakho, esebenzisa njengoko noseko lwalo naluphi na umgangatho capacitor mveliso ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ethembekileyo phezulu.
• Le nabo banayo (kunqabile kakhulu kusetyenziswa umqokeleli current), nto leyo eyingenelo kakhulu kumsebenzi kweemeko phezulu uthuli kunye nokufuma.
• ubomi inkonzo ende kakhulu, iyunithi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekwazile "baphinde" iindleko zazo eziphantsi. Ngako oko, le woluvo capacitive (ixabiso yayo kuluhlu 1200-1700 engange) yi ukufumana inzuzo kakhulu.
• Kuba ezihamba inxalenye eshukumayo sefowuni luyafuneka ukwenza umgudu kangako.
• Le fowuni Kulula kakhulu ukuba edibana ngayo phantse kuzo zonke iindidi isixhobo isetyenziswa kuphela kwimisebenzi yamashishini.

izinto ezimbi

Ngelishwa, sensor nganye capacitive iye ethile ezithile, ukuba ubukhulu elithile nzima ukusetyenziswa kwezi olu hlobo kwezixhobo. Sibala ngokweenkcukacha ngaphezulu:

• ukuguqulwa factor (ngamanye amazwi, transmission) liphantsi kakhulu.
• ubukhulu ezincinane kunye nokusebenziseka zokuyilwa igalelo yokuba okhethwe amabango ncam ophezulu kumgangatho izixhobo zokuhlola.
• Good sensor level capacitive (kunye nezinye izixhobo umlinganiselo efanayo) unako ukusebenza ngokukuko rhoqo axhome kakhulu ixabiso standard of 50 Hz kuphela.

Izaziso ezibalulekileyo

Nangona kunjalo, bonke nto imbi kangaka. abenzi abaninzi abafuna iimpawu uvikele ogqwesileyo nabenzi boluvo ngokwenza utshintsho ezingephi kubume. Ke ukuba nezihlandlo ukusetyenziswa, xa kusenziwa abonisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo ixabiso ngokubanzi woshishino 400 Hz.

Sele sathetha ngayo ngokunyaniseka wokubala esisiseko kuphela xa ngoyaba ifuthe buthelezi. Kodwa kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ngenene kungaba nefuthe elibi kuphela apho umgama phakathi amacwecwe Heating ifaniswa yobungakanani babo. Ngaphezu koko, lo nefuthe elibi ukuba kakhulu yokungenelela nje usebenzisa i ring yabalindi. Kulo mzekelo, ifuthe neziphumo umda akakwazi ukudlulisela kakuhle ngaphaya amacwecwe ezisetyenzisiweyo.

Nalapha, siphawula ukuba abenzi uxinzelelo efanayo luphawulwa yi lula emangalisayo, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukudala isakhiwo emangalisayo oluzinzileyo, somelele nezixabisa kancinci. Ukuba ukhetha kumlinganiselo ekunene zejiyometri esetyenziswa Heating lisetyenziswa ukuvelisa izinto enjalo capacitor asikwazi ingakumbi nexhala.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuchola ngokuchanekileyo isitampu metal ngenxa eyimveliso izindlu woluvo, cishe okungenamsebenzi nokunyuka obushushu awomeleleyo leyo kunokubangela inguqu capacitance lesixhobo kunye nofundo ngendlela eyanelisayo. Kakade ke, oku akuthethi yokuza imfuneko ukwenza abenzi boluvo uxinzelelo ekwanti olunzulu kunye neminye imiqondiso ezifana yeemeko ndlongondlongo yokusingqongileyo. Nangona eyeke umzimba, ukufuma aphezulu namanqanaba ephakamileyo radiation unakho kakubi kuchaphazela ukuthembeka kwefowuni.

ngezigaba cone

Isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zoshishino imveliso yawo kukuvumela ukuba wabelane zonke iintlobo abenzi boluvo eziveliswa zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu: odnoemkostnye kunye dvuhemkostnye. Uhlobo yokugqibela yahlulwe umehluko kunye poludifferentsialnye. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

device Odnoemkostny. Kulo mzekelo woluvo yesekethe capacitive elula kakhulu, kuba inxenye yabo inkulu capacitor iqhelekileyo kunye capacitance bume. Ngelishwa, nkqu ukufuma linyuke kancinane kwaye nobushushu babe ukuchaneka ebonisa impembelelo ebambekayo kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kukho abenzi boluvo ezahlukeneyo ngokufuthi ukungasebenzi. Ukuze yokungenelela ubukhulu iimpazamo ezinjalo, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa isakhiwo ngokwahlukeneyo.

isivamvo Dvuhemkostny. Enyanisweni, eyona nto isakhiwo nje umahluko onjalo. Kuyenzeka rhoqo ukuhlangabezana woluvo kwinqanaba capacitive yenziwa yi scheme enjalo. Ezi zixhobo sikhululwe thina kuwo kubakho iingxaki eziphambili yemodeli edlulileyo, kodwa banobuthathaka zabo. Ingqalelo igalelo elibi kakhulu yimfuneko ukusebenzisa iingcingo ezimbini okanye ezintathu wasikhusela phakathi isixhobo ngokwayo kunye umphezulu, ngokuba kuphela kule ndlela itshixa ikhusi, ekuthiwa-capacitance ekumfimfitheni.

Noko ke, icebo olude ephucukileyo zokuva capacitive kulo mzekelo kulula ngoyaba, kuba imbuyekezo ufumana isixhobo echanileyo kakhulu novelwano.

abenzi boluvo wokwakha ingakumbi

Kwiimeko ezininzi (ukusuka kwindawo kuyilo lwembono) nokudalwa izixhobo ezinjalo kuyingxaki. Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi xa ufuna ukwenza woluvo ezinamazinga ezahlukeneyo umthamo. Noko ke, amava abonisa ukuba abaninzi iingxaki zisonjululwe phantse ngokupheleleyo umlinganiselo kwimibhobho oluchanekileyo kunye nezinto zokusebenza eliphezulu ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso. Amaninzi ezi ubunzima neengxaki ezijongene ngabavelisi dvuhemkostnyh abenzi boluvo.

Ngokubanzi, ingakumbi olu hlobo lwe izixhobo kukuba angamelwa njenge umlinganiselo dimensionless omyinge ezimbini emzimbeni (izikhongozeli) apho banentetho ngqo emzimbeni kunye nentsingiselo. Ngoko ukuba kuthiwe ngokukhuselekileyo "Uphanda ulwalamano." Inzuzo zezi zixhobo (kubo plus elikhulu!) Ngaba jikelele abanako nayo kuyilo yayo ngamanye amanyathelo imilinganiselo epholile zandisa ukuthembeka kwiimeko kakhulu ngokwenene kunye nemiqathango.

Abalinganiswa of encoders linear

Konke okuxabisekileyo non-zombane, elithanda kufuneka ukulawula kwindawo mveliso, oko ngeentlobo kakhulu ezininzi. Inxalenye ebonakalayo amanyathelo benithobele ulawulo engqongqo, yenza iintshukumo emboxo kunye nemicwe nkqu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo imiphezulu esithubeni. Ukuba usebenzisa i capacitor eye intsimi yombane ofanayo ngokupheleleyo ethubeni, akukho nzima kakhulu ukwenza abenzi boluvo ngekhompyutha ezimbini ntlobo zilandelayo:

• Apho indawo i electrode iyaguquguquka.
• Abo umsantsa eziguquguqukayo phakathi electrode.

Kulula ukuqonda ukuba udidi lokuqala afanelekile kakhulu ukulungisa intshukumo elikhulu, lo gama usebenzisa iintlobo yesibini nga waphawula abanye umzimba intshukumo esithubeni, xabiso lazo elo ke ilingana no microns nje ezimbalwa!

Izixhobo zokubona ukubana emboxo

Ngokubanzi, ngenxa uyilo kunye nenjongo, ukuba phantse ngokupheleleyo twatse uhlobo contact elandulelayo. Ukufana kubonakala kwinto yokuba abenzi boluvo ezo electrode indawo variable kufuneka isetyenziselwe imilinganiselo ezinkulu yaye umgama eziguquguqukayo phakathi electrode ngokwabo - encinane. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izixhobo ezinjalo wenza multi-lecandelo ukuba, kunye kungenzeka yokutshintsha ummandla kwamacwecwe capacitor.

Ukuphumeza oku, i electrode yokuqala esisigxina kwizikhondo zexabiso ezinokususwa kuzo ujikelezo apho itshintsha nendawo yalo ndawo utshintsho yesibini esibonelela ukungqubana namacwecwe Heating kwi capacitor. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa kubhalwe inguqu capacitance.

iziphumo

Ngoko siye saxubusha iimpawu ezingundoqo inqanaba esixhobo, wafunda kwiindawo zabo isicelo, malunga iimpawu zoyilo, lo mgaqo amanyathelo kunye nezisombululo kunokwenzeka zobugcisa. Njengoko ukuqonda evela nqaku, ukwanda boluvo capacitive kunye udumo lwabo ophezulu kakhulu isekelwe phezu ixabiso ibenomtsalane kakhulu kwezixhobo kwaye ubomi inkonzo ende nokuba phantsi kweemeko ezinzima zendalo.

Konke oku Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba into yokuba, ukususela kwindawo eyakhayo lwembono, zonke ezi iimitha ezi capacitors standard, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo ngendlela elifuna engaqhelekanga zezicelo zabo kuphela. Noko ke, unako uze ufumanise ngokwakho, kwakhona ujonge iifomyula zemathematika ezibonisa ngokubanzi imigaqo kip umsebenzi.