Amagwele ayifungi zesebe? Igwele: isakhiwo, iintlobo

Yintoni igwele - a mushroom, uyazi, mhlawumbi abaninzi. Yaye yintoni uthini malunga data yokuhlela elizayo abameli zobukumkani? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba igwele ayifungi Division Ascomycetes kunye Basidiomycetes. Kuthetha ntoni oku? Makhe zama ukuqonda kunye.

Okuze - awafanele

Nomngundo single-elilodwa. Baye walahlekelwa mycelium ngenxa yeenkqubo yendaleko kukholeleka ukuba ngokunxulumene lenguqu ukuya kubomi substrates lulwelo zityebi tyala eziphilayo kwaye kakuhle kakhulu ubomi ezi eziphilayo. Igwele Iyonke kukho phezulu ukuya iintlobo eziliwaka. Zonke amagwele - fungi kwiseli enye.

zobukhulu

iiseli Abangatshatanga bodwa ukufikelela ezi fungi ukuba microns 7 ububanzi, kodwa abanye bakhule 40 eh. Noko ke, abanye igwele kusekho ifomu amanqanaba lomjikelo wobomi le mycelium, kwaye kwezinye iimeko - nomzimba fruiting. Okwangoku, umzekelo, igwele baker kaThixo, lowo genome lokuqala eukaryotic netyunjwe kwaye decoded.

A bit yomlando

Igwele - uyawathanda, "ezifuywayo" ngendoda, yaye kangangexesha elithile. Sekukudala, kangangamawaka eminyaka, esetyenziselwa iinjongo zokupheka: ukubhaka, ukubila, ekudaleni iimeko. Sele eYiputa yamandulo, kwakukho kwiivenkile kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo wafumana ukusetyenziswa nagwele. Kwaye kwamanye amazwe, kumaxesha amandulo, kunye namaqebengwana angenagwele (umz matzo okanye edliwa isonka) ngokuya kuthandwa nokwenza iintlobo nagwele. igwele yamazimba bukaThixo kuzazisa kumaYiputa aba kwiminyaka engaphezu kwewaka amathandathu eyadlulayo, yaye ngoncedo ezi zinto ziphilayo, bantu okuphekiweyo le nomnikelo foamy.

Loo nto inika umdla zibila entsha kwiifama ezininzi zamandulo babesebenzisa izidumbu endala. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho izazinzulu, kwenzeka iintlobo igwele lokuvelisa Akufumanekanga endle. Abaninzi bakholelwa iintlobo ezithile imveliso igwele kuphela umsebenzi abantu (umzekelo, iintlobo cereals olinywayo: ingqolowa, irye kunye nezinye).

zymology

Ngoko ke inzululwazi elichaza kwaye ufunda ubomi kunye nomsebenzi ezi eziphilayo. Amagwele ayifungi, inkcubeko yabo olunyulu yodwa okokuqala ngo-1881 eDenmark, yaye ngo-1883 kwakusele isetyenziswe ukuvelisa utywala. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 wadala lucalulo engenagwele, yaye ngenkulungwane yama-20, kukho ingqokelela kunye njengeyo- amasiko ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Amagwele ayifungi division Ascomycota de phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Izazinzulu bebona kumjikelo kwazo, generalizing njengeqela taxonomic (amakhowa marsupials). Kodwa eJapan, omnye oosonzululwazi yokuzala kubantu Basidiomycetes nagwele. Ngoko ke, iingcali bagqiba ukuba fungi nagwele (ifoto ngezantsi) kwasekwa ngexesha zazivelela ngokuzimeleyo phakathi izahlulo ezibini zobukumkani (ascomycetes kunye basidiomycetes). Idatha kwaqinisekisa ezinto eziphilayo zophando eziphilayo. Ukuba asingabo taxon, yaye, mhlawumbi, ifom ekhethekileyo ubomi.

Ascomycetes kunye basidiomycetes

Ngenxa yoko, fungi igwele basonta ascomycetes kwisebe kunye basidiomycetes (okanye kumasebe ahlukeneyo kunoko, ukuya ezimbini). Bonke bephela - Subkingdom aphezulu fungi. Baya ungahlula iimpawu kunye nemijikelo nobomi ezinye iimpawu: ngababini ka-DNA, ubukho urease. Ascomycetes, okanye marsupials amakhowa - kwakuhlaziya isebe ebanzi, ebandakanya ukuya ezingamashumi amathathu amawaka iintlobo (ngasendleleni, ezi athom abadumileyo bangamalungu eli sebe, kwakunye morels kunye nemigca). Phakathi yonke - kunye negwele, awalithabathayo zithathwa zizazinzulu ukuba eziphilayo yesibini olunye-elilodwa.

ezihlala

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zinto ziphilayo bahlala kwiindawo zityebi xa iswekile - substrates phezu komhlaba zeziqhamo namaqunube, amagqabi. Bayakwazi badle ukudla umsebenzi yezityalo: incindi, netuwa, ayo nxeba. Musa eya phytomass efile. Ngaba kuhlala kumhlaba kunye inkunkuma evela kwabo amanzi organic nezendalo. Ezinye amagwele zikhona emathunjini izinambuzane ezitya imithi. Abaninzi Igwele naphezu amagqabi, apho yahlaselwa iintwala.

isicelo

Ezinye iintlobo zeenkcubeko igwele bezisoloko ezifunwayo ukupheka, ukubhaka kunye nokuveliswa neyanamhlanje utywala. Kvass, isonka, ibhiya kunye newayini akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwezi abancedi zincinane. Zonke ezi ezaziwa uluntu ixesha elide, i-fungi igwele zizinto ascomycetes sebe. Kuba imveliso kotywala nzima ukuba bathathe inxaxheba neyanamhlanje ngxexesha yokubola. Ke kaloku ezinye igwele inkcubeko ezisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi biotechnology: imveliso kwamafutha kunye nezongezelelo ukutya kunye nee-enzayim. A nenzululwazi zisetyenziswa kwiinkcubeko zovavanyo ukwenzela uphando imizila yemfuza.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Bhaka inkcubeko esetyenzisiweyo Saccharomyces cerevisiae, eyaziwa ngokuba igwele yombhaki. bathela ukuba inegwele ezinxilisayo uhlobo, iphucula ukunambitheka livumba lweemveliso isonka (utywala, emva, ngexesha lenkqubo baking ngumphunga). Ukongeza, icarbon dioxide eqalisiweyo ubunzima ibangela intlama ukuvuka, ukunika uvavanyo porosity kunye ukuthamba.
• Kwindalo, kwi amaqunube beediliya ukuphuhlisa ngokwendalo neenkcubeko negwele, awalithabathayo zibonakala njengoko uqweqwe ezimhlophe. Kodwa iwayini igwele lokwenyaniso kuthathwa ukuba Saccharomyces cerevisiae, apho zifumaneka ezisebenzisanayo kakhulu inqabile. Yiyo le ezahlukeneyo kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu lokwenza iwayini imfuyo. Ngenxa nokusingatha iswekile yi Igwele equlethwe kwincindi yomdiliya, ethanol obuvelisiweyo kunye igwele izidanga yokukhulisa - kufa. A champagne iwayini Ukubila ukutya kuba phantsi idibanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo inkcubeko nagwele.
• In ukuphisa usebenzisa iinkozo ziyantshuliswa yerhasi (lwemithombo), kunye igwele kwaye ukubila kwayo ezantsi. Le mithombo emhlabeni, wayipheka, luxutywe namanzi kunye inegwele usebenzisa Saccharomyces cerevisiae, okanye ezinye iintlobo engenagwele. imveliso Kvass malunga efanayo, kodwa ngaphandle Igwele kusetyenziswa amagciwane kwaye lactic acid.
• Igwele ngasentla, esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuqoqosho lwesizwe, ilungu ngokomyalelo Ascomycetes fungi. Kwaye ethandwayo tywala umbutho engenagwele neentsholongwane, umzekelo, kombucha okanye mushroom Tibetan. Baye iipropati ezininzi zokuxhasa umzimba womntu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezi iziselo ilumkisa zonke iintlobo zezifo emathunjini kunye namanye amalungu zangaphakathi.