Indlela I Turk ngenkulungwane ye-18 yakwazi ukukhohlisa ihlabathi?

Kuba enkulu kwiinkulungwane emva kwexesha 18 nasekuqaleni 19 The Turk eyaziwa ngokuba Turk yatsala izihlwele abantu kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-United States. Enyanisweni, lo irobhothi kuqikelelwa, ngokubetha iindwendwe ezize mboniso kwakukho inkohliso grand. Kodwa matshini ke ngoko emangalisayo yenzelwe ukuba yakwazi ukukhohlisa uluntu iminyaka 80 ubude. Ngaphambi imfihlakalo yakhe yatyhilwa, wakwazi ukuba ukubetha loo fans chess anempembelelo, njengoko UNapoleon Bonaparte noBhenjamin Franklin.

Ukuqala kwembali American

Ekuqaleni kuka-1826 eyaziwa eYurophu "inkosi chess" wafika e-New York kunye bt. Limela umatshini sele ngokubanzi zapapashwa. Amawaka abantu baye bafunda ngokufika imisebenzi smart amanqaku amaphephandaba kunye neentengiso. Akukho nto ingaqhelekanga kukuba umboniso yokuqala eyayiqhutyelwa ebanzi kwihotele National Hotel, ayikwazanga ukulungiselela wonke umntu. Kwakukho iindwendwe 200 kuphela. Ukuze uvuyo lwabo olukhulu kwigumbi waba ezimbini GM olungileyo. Uluntu wayevile malunga invincibility kumatshini, sele babehamba onke amazwe ezinkulu eYurophu. Kodwa GMs American akazange ukuhlangabezana ezilindelekileyo isihlwele. Bona ke kakhulu lula wanikela ngaphandle kwemiqathango.

Kwincopho baduma

E Melika, imincili uluntu wawuxhaswe zonke iincwadi ezinkulu eli lizwe. Bahambisa ulwazi malunga inkosi eliGorha ezukileyo kumaphepha ngaphambili. Kwaye ngalo lonke ixesha kwiiholo egcwele babebukele ngakumbi nangakumbi, ngethemba lokuba umntu ubuncinane omnye unethamsanqa elaneleyo ukuba aphumelele. Xa iingqondo best of the ixesha kukho umbuzo ubhalo: ukuba ahlale ezingazange indlela irobhothi ngoomatshini ngamaxesha onke yokusingatha? Kwakubonakala ukuba Turk uyakwazi ukuthetha. Indlela enye ukuchaza ubuchule bakhe ngengqondo edabini kunye grandmasters iingwanyalala ngexesha lakhe? Akukho mntu uya kundikhanyela ukuba ichess - oko umdlalo unzima kakhulu ngokwasengqondweni.

Austria Baron wayefuna ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni uKumkanikazi

Lo matshini luli yakwazi ukuya nge abanini eziliqela. Turk ukuba eyokuqala ukuya kwinkundla Austria-Hungarian uKumkanikazi Maria Theresa ngo-1769. Umsunguli lo mmangaliso yi Austria Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. Lo mntu wayesaziwa ngenxa charlatan, kaloku yena kwinkundla imbeko igama umsunguli likaThixo. Kodwa wayesoloko efuna ukuzithandisa uKumkanikazi ngqondweni, wafunga ukuba kuyilwe umatshini eya Zizigqithile yonke zokuzonwabisa yaqala kuphela ngumntu kude. Ukuze asebenze kule projekthi awuzange uphazanyiswe nangeminye imiba ethile nokucofa, Maria Theresa wanika Umsunguli iholide elide.

Kwakubonakala ngathi baseTurkey?

umntwana wakhe nto kodwa dummy ubungakanani epheleleyo-abantu. Irobhothi njalo wahlala ngasemva ngubo lamaplanga. indlela lwangaphakathi kusikhumbuza ngaphakathi kweeyure, a lot of cranks kunye zokuxhathisa. Sam doli ovethe iingubo emibalabala Turkey, phezu kwentloko yakhe unkontsho yemveli, kwaye ityhubhu ngesandla. Kungenxa yale mfanekiso lokuqala umpu waza wabizwa ngokuba Turk.

Imoto kwabonakala kweenyanga ezintandathu kamva

Wolfgang von Kepel ibuyiselwe enkundleni kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva. Umdlalo wokuqala senzeka kwi Turk ngo-1770 ukuya Maria Theresa kunye neqela labantu enkundleni. Wonke wabukela njengoko umenzi liqengqiwe manikin obekwe kwi yikhabhinethi ukuphakama 1.2 yeemitha. Kwaye ngoko ke iqala ukwenza, neya kuqhubeka phindwa amaxesha amaninzi: Kempelen wavula iingcango kwikhabhinethi ukuze bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babeqinisekile ukuba akukho ehleli umntu. egqibeleleyo inkcaza sabona indlela yangaphakathi ifowuni. Baba ezolile. Yonke uhlambulukile, akukho nkohliso. Xa umatshini kuthiwa ntliziyo yokuqala, umqambi weza indlela athe nomqheba. Turks weza ebomini ngokucotha wajika intloko yakhe ngoomatshini ngapha nangapha. Wandula ke wolula isandla sakhe, wathabatha lwemboleko kunye wenza inyathelo lokuqala kulo mdlalo.

Abaphulaphuli bedidekile

ngokukhawuleza kakhulu baseTurkey wabangela yakhawuleza, hayi kuphela entendelezweni uKumkanikazi. Abaphulaphuli wadideka. Abantu babengazi ukuba usabele ngayo. Abanye nangoko bagaleleka ukubeka phambili iinguqulelo zabo. Phakathi kwiingcamango kakhulu kuphindwa rhoqo ezimbini: indlela yolawulo ngokusebenzisa iimagnethi kunye inxaxheba prodigy entsha, efihliweyo ngaphakathi doli. Nangona kunjalo, oku kube yingqakumbana. Abantu bazi kakuhle ukuba ukufihla umntu eyayiqhelekile akunakwenzeka ngaphakathi dummy. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba yonke abagxeki wayeyindoda bakholwayo Turk simanga. Omnye umbukeli wachaza ekudalweni Baron von Kempelen :. "Kunzima ukufumana ulwazi ngokhona kucokisekileyo iindawo zale ukukhanda ngaphezu koko ye nene"

tour

Kungekudala Maria Teresa akazange adinwe kokufelwa yokudlala. Noko ke, ngo-1783, umamkeli walo, * uKhesare Joseph II, indiphilisile umdla e Turku. Wenza kumatshini ekufakwa Thumela kwi uhambo Europe. In Paris umatshini luli ngqo Benjamin Franklin, ngoko unozakuzaku American eFransi. ngoko Turk batyelela eNgilani, Germany nase-Netherlands. Isibini amaxesha wayesele kwinkundla uCatherine II. Xa stop nganye, woyisa bonke abachasi bakhe yaye bedidekile zesayensi into engaqhelekanga. Akukho mntu omnye akwazi ukufumana incazelo enengqondo kule meko.

umnikazi entsha

Ngowe-1804, Kempelen wafa, nendalo yakhe yathi yathengwa buchopho yaseJamani uJohann Johann Name Maelzel kunye showman. Kwaba utyalo elungileyo, ngenxa yokuba i izama German Turk lahlala kunye bonke ubomi bakhe. Kwaye yonke baqokelela izindlu zizele. UJohann Comment = Maelzel wazisa kumatshini umdlalo ukuphuculwa kakhulu. Wanika mechanism ngelizwi Turk bona ukusongela ukumkani elikhuselayo wenza elithi "Shah!". Yinto ngakumbi emangalisayo kuluntu. Ngowe-1809 oko yayiququzelelwe umdlalo chess phakathi Turks and umlawuli uNapoleon Bonaparte. Ngokutsho iingxelo wokuzibonela, umlawuli French wayezama ukuxhaphaza oshukunyiswa, kodwa sihlandlo ngasinye i Turk enikina intloko yakhe lokutshabhisa kunye nani wabuyela kwindawo yalo efanelekileyo.

abakholwanga sesichengeni

Ngexesha tour US, umatshini yokubeka ngenye ngendlela inzuzo Turk weza umbhali oselula Edgar Allan Poe. Kamva, umbhali lapapasha isincoko revelatory, leyo ababesithi indlela ifihlakele ngaphakathi umntu ukulawula inkqubela umdlalo: "Ndiqinisekile ngokupheleleyo. Zonke kusenza kumatshini ilawulwa yi ingqondo yomntu. " Edgar Allan Poe wayengekho abagxeki kuqala. Ekubeni kokusungulwa Turk isekhona kwi 80s kwenkulungwane ye-18 iingqondo okuqhubekayo Europe wabhala amaphetshana eziliqela nezityhilelo. Nongqondongqondo babeqinisekile ukuba umatshini awukwazi badlale yabo yokuzikhethela. Phakathi ababengakholwa edume ngaphandle Edgar Allan Poe ekunokuthiwa umbhali yaseBritani uRobert Willis, phikisana ukuba GM ayifihlakele ngaphakathi yikhabhinethi kwaye elawulwa umdlalo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo kwemigangatho.

imfihlo Turk kaThixo

Kodwa abagxeki yayiphakathi malunga GM ran inkqubo ehleli kwigunjana. Enyanisweni, izinto engasebenziyo malungiselelo kwiKhabhinethi lwangaphakathi. Baya bephuma kuluntu yaye yabamba nje inxalenye yale bhokisi. Ngaphakathi kukho indawo eyaneleyo ukuhlalisa abantu kunabantu. Xa amanani kumzantsi chess, umazibuthe ziye ezisisigxina. Ngaphakathi square nganye yabekwa phantsi ibhola yesinyithi oxhonywe umsonto. "Shadow" GM ayikwazanga ukubona kokubetha ekulweni. Wayeqonda ukuba, apho iqela ihambisa amaqhekeza xa wabona phambi kwakhe SAG ibhola. imenza ukuziphindiselela wenza encediswa wokukhuthaza. Kuwo kunikwe ngesandla intloko dummy leyo.

Kakade ke, ngaphakathi yikhabhinethi kwakufuneka bahlale uchwepheshe wechess. Kangangexesha elide, abadlali abaninzi abanamava batyelela ngaphakathi indlela. Kaloku, ngexesha olukhenketho American uJohann Name Maelzel wasebenzisa iinkonzo nguGrandmaster European uWilliam Schlumberger, ezizenza ukuba Umsunguli kanobhala lobuqu.

machine ukufa

Ngowe-1838, umnini-Turk wabulawa ebudeni uhambo ngolwandle ukusuka eCuba ukuya eUnited States. Ngoko ke umatshini yawa ezandleni enye abatyalwayo. Ekugqibeleni, lo ngumqondo Baron Kemplena zathengiswa ukuba usebenzise abantu abathanda ngubani abanomdla kukubanceda inyaniso. Koko Turk wafakwa njengoko umbukiso e Philadelphia Museum. NgoJulayi 5, 1854 "indawo yokudlala" unyaka-85 ubudala litshisiwe ngomlilo kwisakhiwo.